1,721,199 research outputs found
Cranial mechanics and feeding in <i>Tyrannosaurus rex</i>
No full textRayfield, Emily J. (2004): Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271 (1547): 1451-1459, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.275
Figure 1 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
No full textFigure 1. Tyrannosaurus rex skull and FEM. (a) Skull of BHM 3033, left lateral view; and (b) 2D FE-mesh of BHM 3033 depicting skull as 'fused' without mobile sutures. Grey areas indicate surfaces constrained from moving in all translatory directions, arrows indicate direction of bite force applied to all teeth, either vertical or horizontal 'tearing'. Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fenestra; en, external naris; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ltf, lower temporal fenestra; m, maxilla, n, nasals; or, orbit; p, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal. Scale bar 10 cm.Published as part of Rayfield, Emily J., 2004, Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex, pp. 1451-1459 in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271 (1547) on page 1452, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2755, http://zenodo.org/record/373673
Figure 3 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
No full textFigure 3. Stress in the fused FE Tyrannosaurus rex skull model generated by vertical biting (left column) or tearing (right column). (a) Principal stress 3 [P3], compressive stress; (b) P1 tensile stress; (c) shear stress; (d) P3 compressive stress; (e) P1 tensile stress; and (f) shear stress. Divergent arrows indicate orientation of tensile stress trajectories; convergent arrows indicate orientation of compressive stress trajectories. Units are Pa or Nm‾2. See electronic Appendix C for strain plots.Published as part of Rayfield, Emily J., 2004, Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex, pp. 1451-1459 in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271 (1547) on page 1454, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2755, http://zenodo.org/record/373673
Figure 2 in Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex
No full textFigure 2. Sutural morphology and mobility. (a) Postorbital–jugal suture in Tyrannosaurus rex; (b) maxilla–jugal suture in T. rex; (c) 2D FEM of T. rex skull with mobile postorbital–jugal contact; and (d) 2D FEM of T. rex skull with mobile maxillajugal contact. Double-headed arrows indicate direction of slight adjustive movement at suture. Single-headed arrows indicate location of 'suture' in FE-mesh. Illustrations after BHM 3033. Grey areas and abbreviations as defined in figure 1; pal, palatine.Published as part of Rayfield, Emily J., 2004, Cranial mechanics and feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex, pp. 1451-1459 in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 271 (1547) on page 1453, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2755, http://zenodo.org/record/373673
Figure 4 in Neurocranial osteology and systematic relationships of Varanus (Megalania) prisca Owen, 1859 (Squamata: Varanidae)
No full textFigure 4. Stereopairs of the otic region of (A) Varanus prisca (BMNH 39965) in left ventrolateral view, (B) Varanus komodoensis (USNM 228163), and (C) Varanus salvator (ROMV-R 1040) in right ventrolateral views. Scale bar: 1 cm. Anatomical abbreviations are defined in Appendix 2.Published as part of Head, Jason J., Barrett Fls, Paul M. & Rayfield, Emily J., 2009, Neurocranial osteology and systematic relationships of Varanus (Megalania) prisca Owen, 1859 (Squamata: Varanidae), pp. 445-457 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (2) on page 451, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00448.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544470
Figure 1 in Neurocranial osteology and systematic relationships of Varanus (Megalania) prisca Owen, 1859 (Squamata: Varanidae)
No full textFigure 1. Neurocranium of Varanus prisca (BMNH 39965) in dorsal (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), and left lateral (D) views. Scale bar: 5 cm. Anatomical abbreviations are defined in Appendix 2.Published as part of Head, Jason J., Barrett Fls, Paul M. & Rayfield, Emily J., 2009, Neurocranial osteology and systematic relationships of Varanus (Megalania) prisca Owen, 1859 (Squamata: Varanidae), pp. 445-457 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (2) on page 448, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00448.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544470
Owen, 1859 (Squamata: Varanidae)
No full textHead, Jason J., Barrett Fls, Paul M., Rayfield, Emily J. (2009): Neurocranial osteology and systematic relationships of Varanus (Megalania) prisca Owen, 1859 (Squamata: Varanidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (2): 445-457, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00448.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00448.
Figure 10 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
No full textFigure 10. Evolution of endocranial morphology in Sauropodomorpha. Endocasts are in lateral view and not to scale. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; fl, floccular lobe; laby, endosseous labyrinth. The simplified phylogeny of Sauropodomorpha is based on the studies by Remes et al. (2009), Otero & Pol (2013), Langer et al. (2019) and McPhee et al. (2020). Saturnalia and Plateosaurus endocasts are from the study by Bronzati et al. (2017); Spinophorosaurus endocast is from the study by Knoll et al. (2012). The phylogenetic tree was edited in ITOL v.5 (https://itol.embl.de). Silhouettes are from http://phylopic.orgPublished as part of Ballell, Antonio, King, J Logan, Neenan, James M, Rayfield, Emily J & Benton, Michael J, 2021, The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus, pp. 541-562 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2) on page 557, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa157, http://zenodo.org/record/553061
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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