1,677 research outputs found
Technological advantage and market loss: Siemens and the X-ray machine business in Japan (1900-1960)
No full textThis paper focuses on the involvement of Siemens on the market for radiology equipment in Japan between 1900 and 1960 from a business history perspective. It explores why the German multinational was unable to keep its dominant position on the Japanese market in the interwar years, despite its technological competitiveness. In particular, it examines the strategic choices made by the firm (export, licensing, direct investment) in relation to the changing economic and technological environment, highlighting the importance, for foreign multinationals, of working together with national trading firms involved in the distribution of drugs and products for doctors, as the Japanese medical market was already well structured when the country opened up to the West. Four phases have been identified. At first, before World War I, German manufacturers of X-ray machines, especially Siemens, enjoyed a virtual monopoly in Japan and favored an export strategy. The political and technological shifts that occurred during the war (interruption of trade with Germany, development of the Coolidge X-ray tube by General Electric) led to a more competitive market in Japan. Siemens reorganized its involvement in this business via a contract signed with a domestic medical goods trade company, Goto Fuundo (1926). Yet this proved insufficient to overcome the competition, and Siemens finally decided to relocate some of its production facilities for X-ray machines in Japan by entering into a joint venture with Goto (1932). Relations between Siemens and Goto were severed by the war, and Goto tried until the 1950s to go it alone in this field but failed due to a lack of organizational capability. As for Siemens, it reverted to its export strategy approach, re-entering the market in the 1950s.Siemens, Goto Fuundo, X-ray machines, medical market
Technological advantage and market loss: Siemens and the X-ray machine business in Japan (1900–1960)
No full textThis paper focuses on the involvement of Siemens on the market for radiology equipment in Japan between 1900 and 1960 from a business history perspective. It explores why the German multinational was unable to keep its dominant position on the Japanese market in the interwar years, despite its technological competitiveness. In particular, it examines the strategic choices made by the firm (export, licensing, direct investment) in relation to the changing economic and technological environment, highlighting the importance, for foreign multinationals, of working together with national trading firms involved in the distribution of drugs and products for doctors, as the Japanese medical market was already well structured when the country opened up to the West. Four phases have been identified. At first, before World War I, German manufacturers of X-ray machines, especially Siemens, enjoyed a virtual monopoly in Japan and favored an export strategy. The political and technological shifts that occurred during the war (interruption of trade with Germany, development of the Coolidge X-ray tube by General Electric) led to a more competitive market in Japan. Siemens reorganized its involvement in this business via a contract signed with a domestic medical goods trade company, Goto Fuundo (1926). Yet this proved insufficient to overcome the competition, and Siemens finally decided to relocate some of its production facilities for X-ray machines in Japan by entering into a joint venture with Goto (1932). Relations between Siemens and Goto were severed by the war, and Goto tried until the 1950s to go it alone in this field but failed due to a lack of organizational capability. As for Siemens, it reverted to its export strategy approach, re-entering the market in the 1950s.Siemens, Goto Fuundo, X-ray machines, medical market
Optical characterization of multilayer coating samples
No full textThis paper aims to describe a measurement process studied and applied by the author at CNR IFN - LUXOR laboratories in Padova. The main purpose was to establish the reflectivity performance of some optical mirrors realized with different multilayer technologies. For such devices applications are foreseen in the Metis coronagraph for the ESA Solar Orbiter mission, and in the Free Electron Laser facility in Trieste.
After having studied the bands in which precise reflectance values were needed for the application, measures were took for each sample in the EUV, VIS and NIR range using the facilities available at LUXOR laboratories. The principle of operation of these devices, the structure of the facilities used and the measurement process are going to be described in this paper, then the results will be presented and discussed.
This work was inserted in a more wide sample characterization project which was developed by the LUXOR team. It included reflectance measurements in different spectra, such as Soft-X, and AFM surface analysis, whose data will be presented for completeness.
The aim of these measurements was not only to establish whether some of the samples satisfy the specifications imposed by their application or not, but also to understand which of the multilayer technologies used should possibly be improved and tested for the application. The results, finally, state a performance baseline for the samples, which are going to be exposed to the conditions of their applications (e.g. solar wind in space) in order to establish their performance loose with aging.
\\Questo scritto intende descrivere un processo di misura studiato ed applicato dall'autore ai laboratori LUXOR del CNR IFN. Lo scopo principale era di stabilire le prestazioni in riflettività di specchi ottici realizzati in differenti tecnologie multilayer, e progettati per l'utilizzo nel coronografo Metis, della missione ESA Solar Orbiter, e nella facility Laser ad Elettroni Liberi a Trieste.
Dopo aver studiato le bande nelle quali erano richiesti dall'applicazione precisi valori di riflettività, sono state effettuate misure per ogni campione nelle bande EUV, VIS e NIR utilizzando le facility a disposizione nei laboratori LUXOR. Saranno quindi presentati i principio di funzionamento dei dispositivi, quello delle facility utilizzate nonché il processo di misura, del quale saranno infine presentati e discussi i risultati.
Il lavoro era inserito in un più ampio progetto di caratterizzazione dei campioni, sviluppato dal team LUXOR. Includeva misure di riflettività in differenti bande spettrali, come i Soft-X, e analisi di superficie AFM, i cui dati saranno presentati per completezza.
Il fine di queste misure non era solo di stabilire se alcuni dei campioni soddisfacessero o meno le specifiche imposte dall'applicazione, ma anche di capire quale delle tecnologie usate dovesse eventualmente essere migliorata e testata per l'applicazione. I risultati, infine, stabiliscono una linea di base delle prestazioni dei campioni, che saranno esposti alle condizioni della loro applicazione (per.es. vento solare nello spazio) allo scopo di stabilire la loro perdita in prestazioni dovuta all'invecchiament
X-ray Absorption And X-ray Fluorescence For The Characterization Of Titanium Oxide-modified Hflc Silicas
No full textTitanium oxide grafted on to the surfaces of chromatographic silica was investigated by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and x-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopy and the latter used before and after the extensive use of this material as a support for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). XRF indicated the formation of a complete 2:1 monolayer whereas XAS suggested the presence of more than one titanium oxide structure. These structures show some slight modification after immobilization of PMOS and use in HPLC. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.352101105Collins, C.H., Braga, G.L., Bonato, P.S., (1995) Introduçao a Mrétodos Cromatográficos (6th Edn), , Editora da UNICAMP: CampinasNawrocki, J., (1997) J. Chromatogr. A, 779, p. 29Nawrocki, J., Dunlap, C., McCormick, A., Carr, P.W., (2004) J. Chromatogr. A, 1028, p. 1Buchmeiser, M.R., (2001) J. Chromatogr. A, 918, p. 233Snyder, L.R., Glajch, J.L., Kirkland, J.J., (1988) Pratical HPLC Method Development (5th Edn), , Wiley: New YorkPoole, C.H., Schuette, S.A., (1984) Contemporary Practice of Chromatography (1st Edn), , Elsevier: AmsterdamTrüdinger, U., Müller, G., Unger, K.K., (1990) J. Chromatogr A, 535, p. 111Silva, R.B., Collins, K.E., Collins, C.H., (2000) J. Chromatogr. A, 869, p. 137Prado, L.L.L., Nascente, P.A.P., Gushikem, Y., (2000) J. Mater. Sci., 35, p. 449Kubota, L.T., Gushikem, Y., (1991) Analyst, 116, p. 281Peixoto, C.R.M., Gushikem, Y., (1992) Analyst, 117, p. 10292Gushikem, Y., (2001) Colloids Surf. A, 178, p. 135Melo, L.F.C., Jardim, I., (1999) J. Chromatogr. A, 845, p. 423Jenkins, R., (1999) X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (2nd Edn), , Wiley: New YorkSkoog, D.A., West, D.M., Holler, F.J., (2001) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry (7th Edn), , Saunders College Publishing: Philadelphia, PAhttp://web.ccr.jussieu.fr/cim2/activites/sax/Yesa.pdf15, Accessed April 2005http://srs.dl.ac.uk/SXR/technique/NEXAFS/, Accessed 15 April 2005(2005), http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/mes/xafs/xas_intro.html, Accessed 15 April 2005Haro-Poniatowski, E., Rodrigues-Talavero, R., Heredia, M.C., Cano-Corona, O., Arroyo-Murillo, R., (1994) J. Mater. Res., 9, pp. 21 028Chee, Y.H., Cooney, R.P., Howe, R.F., Van Der Heide, P.A.W., (1992) J. Raman Spectrosc., 23, p. 161Corriu, R.J.P., Leclercq, D., (1996) Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 35, pp. 14 206Hench, L.L., West, J.K., (1990) Chem. Rev., 90, p. 33Liu, Z., Tabora, J., Davis, R.J., (1994) J. Catal, 149, p. 117Almeida, R.M., Christensen, E.E., (1997) J. Sol-gel Sci. Technol., 8, p. 409Miller, J.B., Mathers, L.J., Ko, E.I., (1995) J. Mater. Chem., 5, p. 17590http://www.lnls.br28, Accessed August 2004Baccan, N., Andrade, J.C., Godinho, O.E.S., Barone, J.S., (1985) Química Analítica Quantitativa Elementar (2nd Edn), , Editora da UNICAMP: CampinasZhuravlev, L.T., (2000) Colloids Surf. A, 173, p. 1Ruiz-López, M.F., Muñoz-Páez, A., (1991) J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 3, pp. 89 81
Normal chemotactic activity of granulocytes obtained by filtration leucapheresis
No full textThe chemotactic activity of granulocytes obtained by the Terumo Filtration Leucapheresis System (F.L.) was examined by the method of Boyden's chamber. The number of cells migrating through the Millipore filter was expressed as the chemotactic activity. The mean values were 117 for the F.L. and 122 in a control, in which cells were collected from the same donor blood using dextran sedimentation. The results suggested that the in vitro chemotactic function of granulocytes obtained by F.L. was within normal limits.</p
Structural investigations of the regio- and enantioselectivity of lipases
No full textAlthough lipases are widely applied for the stereospecific resolution of racemic mixtures of esters, the atomic details of the factors that are responsible for their stereospecificity are largely obscure. We determined the X-ray structures of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in complex with two enantiopure triglyceride analogues, that closely mimic natural substrates. This allowed an unambiguous view of how the two wings of the boomerang-shaped active site accommodate the acyl and alcohol parts of the triglyceride. The binding groove for the hydrophobic sn-3 fatty acid chain is large and hydrophobic. The cleft for the alcohol moiety is divided in two parts, one tightly binding the sn-2 acyl chain with hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, the other more weakly binding the sn-1 fatty acid. The enantioselectivity of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase seems therefore to be predominantly determined by the size and interactions of the sn-2 chain and by the size of the sn-3 chain.
System of verb in the manuscript Lithuanian grammar of K.K. Daukša
No full textReikšminiai žodžiai: Asmenuojamosios veiksmažodžio formos; Asmenuotė; Asmuo; Bendratis; Dalyvis; Laikas; Neasmenuojamosios veiksmažodžio formos; Nuosaka; Padalyvis; Pusdalyvis; Reikiamybės dalyvis; Skaičius; Veiksmažodis; Veiksmažodžio terminai; Conjugation; Conjugative verb forms; Half-participle; Inconjugative verb forms; Infinitive; Mode; Necesity adverb; Number; Participle; Person; Tense; Verb; Verb terms; Verbal adverbThe following article discusses verbal forms system and it's grammatical categories. K.K. Daukša disjoins verbs into two parts of speech one of which is conjugative verb and the other one - inconjugative verb forms. Nevertheless the author of the manuscript grammar understands the origin of inconjugative forms: he includes adjectival pecularities of interfexion into the denominative interfexion paradigm and the verbal ones - into tthc paradigms of mode and tense systematically. K.K. Daukša determines five verb modes and six tenses. Distinctive feature of tenses is this that there are three present tenses marked out, but this kind of distinction is only theoretical one for only four tenses system is to be found in the interflexion paradigm. The compound tenses are also included into the paradigm on all tenses in consecutive order. There are no examples of the 2nd conjugation in the system of conjugation for K.K. Daukša ascribes them all to the 1st conjugation. In the article a huge atention to the terms is also paid. K.K. Daukša originates grammatical terminology following the Polish example, what explains the majority of foreign significances and translated constructions. Generally speaking it was an original grammar of the mid-19th century, and quite a fine source of lingual facts and evidence of lingvistic reflectio
Szkoda majątkowa w sprawach o przestępstwo nadużycia zaufania z art. 296 k.k. – rola opinii biegłego
No full textThe article was devoted to reflections on the manner of the damage in cases concerning the offense of abuse of trust under art. 296 of the Criminal Code associated with the role of expert opinion. The article is focused on the meaning of “significant property damage”, used by the Polish legislator in the art. 296 § 1 of the Criminal Code and the manner of determining the damage. The considerations are based on the assumption, that the damage must take place through the abuse of the authority or by failing to perform duties. The article mentions positions of polish doctrine and judicature relating to the problems of determining the extent and the amount of damage on the basis of art. 296 of the Criminal Code. In the end, the author presents her own opinion in the subject of the role of expert opinion.Artykuł poświęcony został problematyce szkody w sprawach o przestępstwa nadużycia zaufania z art. 296 k.k. i roli opinii biegłego. Skoncentrowano się na pojęciu znacznej szkody majątkowej z art. 296 § 1 k.k. i sposobie określenia wysokości szkody. Rozważania opierają się na założeniu, że szkoda musi nastąpić w wyniku nadużycia uprawnień lub niedopełnienia obowiązku. W artykule przywołane zostały głosy doktryny i judykatury odnoszące się do problemów ustalania zakresu i wysokości szkody na gruncie art. 296 k.k. Na końcu autorka przedstawia własne stanowisko w przedmiocie roli biegłego przy określaniu szkody w sprawach o przestępstwo nadużycia zaufania z art. 296 k.k
Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z 12 kwietnia 2018 r., II KK 411/17 (podmiot przestępstwa z art. 300 § 2 k.k.)
No full textThe author of the commentary critically refers to the thesis of the Supreme Court that criminally liable on the basis of Article 300 § 2 of the Polish Criminal Code (k.k.) is not only a personal debtor but also a person liable to the creditor materially (material debtor). Referring to the second thesis of the Supreme Court, the author of the commentary indicates that a third party within the meaning of Article 527 of the Polish Civil Code (k.c.) due to the lack of a contractual tie with the creditor cannot be classifi ed as a “debtor” for the purposes of Article 300 § 2 k.k. In the author’s opinion, the extraneus fi gure is an alternative way for assigning to a third party within the meaning of Article 527 k.c. the criminal liability for an off ense under Article 300 § 2 k.k. without the need to extend the term “debtor” as was done in the commented judgment
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