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Characterization of the Study Areas for the Pilot Study: Agricultural Chemicals in Rural, Private Wells in Illinois
Get PDFThe Illinois Groundwater Protection Act of 1987 (PA 85-863) mandated that the impact of
pesticides on groundwater be evaluated. Because pesticide use is widespread in rural areas
and groundwater is the major source of drinking water in rural areas, the Illinois State Geological
Survey (ISGS) and the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) developed recommendations for
a statewide survey of agricultural chemicals in rural, private water wells in Illinois (McKenna et
al. 1989).
This pilot study was undertaken to develop and evaluate field, analytical, and database
management methodologies that would be applied in a statewide survey. Such an evaluation of
the research design would assist in streamlining and making more economically feasible the
statewide survey recommended by McKenna et al. (1989). Specifically, the pilot study evaluated
the validity of using the potential for contamination of shallow aquifers as the stratification
variable by assessing the occurrence of agricultural chemicals in rural, private wells in representative
hydrogeologic settings in Illinois (McKenna et al. 1989). Additional objectives included
field testing well selection procedures; conducting well user interviews; training Illinois Department
of Agriculture (IDOA) and Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) personnel in sampling
procedures; and establishing and evaluating techniques for database management,
laboratory management, and quality assurance/quality control. The results of the pilot study
could be used in a statewide survey to determine the number of wells necessary for characterizing
the quality of water pumped from rural, domestic wells, while at the same time maintaining
an acceptable level of statistical reliability and analytical precision.
This report summarizes the land use, agricultural, geologic, and hydrologic characterizations of
the five representative settings in the pilot study. A companion report, Pilot Study: Agricultural
Chemicals in Rural, Private Wells in Illinois (Schock et al. 1992), discusses the project design,
sampling methodology, and statistical analysis and interpretation of the chemical analyses.
Schock et al. (1992) also present recommendations for conducting a statewide survey and
propose modifications in the sampling and chemical analysis protocols. The volume of the
characterization material warranted publication as a separate document. Both reports should be
reviewed concurrently to fully understand the objectives, methodologies, and results of the pilot
study.
Characterizing the geologic materials of target areas is a major component in assessing the
potential for contamination. McKenna et al. (1989) identified four hydrogeologic settings that
occur in Illinois on the basis of their interpretation of the stack-unit geologic map of Illinois (Berg
and Kempton 1988). The distance from the land surface to the top of the uppermost deposit of
aquifer material was used to differentiate the four groups.
The four study areas chosen for the pilot study represent these four hydrogeologic groups and
are located in the following counties: (1) Mason (aquifer material within 5 feet of land surface),
(2) Kankakee (between 5 and 20 feet of land surface), (3) Livingston (between 20 and 50 feet
of land surface), and (4) Piatt (aquifer material greater than 50 feet from land surface). A fifth
study area in Effingham County was chosen because large-diameter, dug or bored wells are
the predominant well type and no well-defined significant aquifer system is present within 50
feet of land surface. The other four areas contain predominantly small-diameter, drilled or
driven wells.
For each study area, all available topographic, geologic, and soil survey maps were used to
create a database on the Geographic Information System (GIS). Selected cultural, topographic,
geologic, hydrologic, and soil survey information was digitized and used to provide the data for
various base maps produced using the GIS. The location of each water well in each study area
was verified, and the available drillers' logs for each well were interpreted. For each area, a
. number of maps was produced, including a stack-unit map to a depth of 50 feet, and bedrock
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topography, drift thickness, parent materials/soils, and terrane maps. Because some of these
maps are quite similar to one another, not all individual maps are presented for each area. In
some cases, a single map could convey the necessary information for a given study area. Such
streamlining to eliminate redundancy was desirable because one of the objectives of the pilot
study was to evaluate the economic feasibility of a statewide survey.
The land use, agricultural, geologic, and hydrologic maps produced for the pilot study serve
dual purposes. First, the process of producing them provided the researchers the opportunity to
assess the quality and quantity of the database. Because the pilot study areas are generally
representative of the status of the statewide database, knowledge of problems arising during
this stage of the project will aid in the evaluation of the economic feasibility of the recommended
statewide survey. Second, these maps are important in interpreting the chemical and statistical
results presented in the companion document (Schock et al. 1992), which presents the
sampling protocols and statistical analyses of the chemical data and summarizes the results of
the pilot study.
Because the characterization part of the pilot study was designed to test procedures and
methodologies that would be applied in a statewide survey, emphasis was placed on using all
available databases (e.g., soil, stratigraphic, geographic, topographic, and hydrologic). No
additional fieldwork was conducted other than the actual water sampling and selected trips to
identify industrial, commercial, and agricultural activities, and to interview residents. Existing
drinking-water wells were used for sampling. This design required interpretation of the existing
geologic database, which consists of drill logs from private, municipal, and commercial water
wells; drill logs from coal and gas borings; drill logs from highway and bridge borings; and
reports, maps, and unpublished data housed at the ISGS and the ISWS. Additional information
was obtained from the county soil reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation
Service (USDA-SCS).
Because the selection of the five study areas was made on the basis of their hydrogeologic
classification and not the amount of information currently available, the quality and quantity of
data varied considerably. Some of the study areas (Mason and Kankakee) are within or near
the boundaries of recently completed research projects and, therefore, more information was
available concerning the hydrogeologic characteristics of the area. Conversely, considerably
less geologic and hydrologic information was available for the Livingston and Effingham County
study areas, and the data that are available are either dated or presented on very small-scale
maps.
An additional problem was caused by the different map scales used in the original sources.
Source map scales ranged from the large-scale, 1:15,840-scale soil survey maps (where 1 inch
equals 0.25 miles) to the small-scale, 1.250,000 state stack-unit map (where 1 inch equals 4
miles). The pilot study used 1:24,000-scale topographic maps for preliminary geologic mapping,
whereas the GIS maps presented in this report range in scale from about 1:62,000 to
1:100,000. Map detail and readability are concerns because the level of detail that can be
presented is directly related to map scale (larger scale maps show more detail than smaller
scale maps). Because small-scale maps require more data generalization than large-scale
maps of the same area, less information can be shown. The physical size of the map also
controls its use because it affects scale and readability. With few exceptions, all of the working
. maps produced for this project were at scales larger than the final published version.
Although in some cases considerable detail was generalized for the final map, all five study
areas exhibited a need for additional, accurate geologic information. The most common
problem encountered was the lack of detailed, verifiable, drill logs for water wells in the study
area. Often, the verifiable wells were either clustered in a small area or lacked the information
necessary for a detailed geologic interpretation of the sediments.
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Overall, the problems encountered in the characterization part of the pilot study appear to be
representative of the problems that would be encountered in a statewide survey. For some
study areas, there was a lack of information that would have allowed a more detailed hydrogeologic
interpretation. Extrapolating from the ISGS regional glacial stratigraphic framework into
areas lacking detailed geologic information assisted in identifying the geologic units present and
their hydrogeologic characteristics. The accuracy and detail of the extrapolation is obviously
related to the level of detail of the previous research, but sufficient information appears to be
available in the current geologic database to allow for regional geologic mapping and interpretation
of the geologic sediments and the potential for contamination of groundwater resources by
agricultural chemicals. Due to the variability in the quality and quantity of geologic data, however,
some areas selected for the recommended statewide survey may require interpretations
that are based on marginal data and are, therefore, more likely to be in error. Because geologic
complexity varies across Illinois, data with similar quality, quantity, and spatial density may be
adequate in some areas and not in others. Neither the pilot study nor the proposed statewide
survey will replace the need for detailed, site-specific studies.Submitted by Seth Robbins ([email protected]) on 2012-11-21T20:47:58Z
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Previous issue date: 199
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Modeling transport of agricultural chemicals in a dual porosity system resulting from macropores
No full textA conceptual model, based upon the bicontinuum double porosity approach, has been developed to simulate water flow and reactive chemical transport in both the soil matrix and the macropore region. Flow of water in both regions is governed by Richards' equation and chemical transport is based upon convective-dispersive mechanisms with linear kinetic sorption and first-order decay. The pressure-water content and the pressure-conductivity relationship for the unsaturated soil in each of the two regions are based upon the van Genuchten-Mualem relationships. The developed model was in one- and two-space dimensions and it contained several improvements over the previously proposed one-dimensional conceptual flow and transport models.Convergence was a problem when the magnitude of coupling or the size of the time step was large. Analyses of the magnitudes of the flow and transport parameters on the prediction of pressure and concentration profiles were presented. These include fluid and solute mass transfer coefficients, saturated hydraulic conductivity of the interface through which mass transfer takes place, sorption distribution coefficient and reaction rate, decay rate, and root extraction of water. From the pressure and the concentration profiles, it was observed that the fluid and the solute mass transfer coefficients have the greatest impact on model predictions. Sorption distribution coefficients and reaction rates appeared to have moderate impact on concentration profiles. For short durations of simulation (e.g. minutes to a few hours), decay rates and root uptake of water appeared to have negligible effect.The model was used to study the impact of agricultural management practices such as row versus nonrow crops, conventional versus conservation tillage, organic amendment, and furrow irrigation on the prediction of pressure and concentration profiles for a local soil with a given degree of macroporosity. With the chosen set of parameters, the importance of macropores on the deep movement of water and chemicals was observed. Once the model parameters for a given soil type are estimated and the model is validated, it can effectively be used as a management tool to evaluate the impact of agricultural management practices.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:40:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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