418 research outputs found
Automated methods for checking differential privacy
No full textDifferential privacy is a de facto standard for statistical computations over databases that contain private data. The strength of differential privacy lies in a rigorous mathematical definition which guarantees individual privacy and yet allows for accurate statistical results. Thanks to its mathematical definition, differential privacy is also a natural target for formal analysis. A broad line of work uses logical methods for proving privacy. However, these methods are not complete, and only partially automated. A recent and complementary line of work uses statistical methods for finding privacy violations. However, the methods only provide statistical guarantees (but no proofs).
We propose the first decision procedure for checking differential privacy of a non-trivial class of probabilistic computations. Our procedure takes as input a program P parametrized by a privacy budget epsilon and either proves differential privacy for all possible values of epsilon, or generates a counterexample. In addition, our procedure applies both to epsilon-differential privacy and (epsilon, δ)-differential privacy. Technically, the decision procedure is based on a novel and judicious encoding of the semantics class of programs in our class into a decidable fragment of the first-order theory of the reals with exponentiation. We implement our procedure and use it for (dis)proving privacy bounds for many well known examples, including randomized response, histogram, report noisy max and sparse vector.Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2019-08-22 without embargo termsThe student, Vishal Jagannath Ravi, accepted the attached license on 2019-04-23 at 20:11.The student, Vishal Jagannath Ravi, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2019-04-23 at 20:17.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2019-04-24 at 13:31.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #13853 on 2019-08-22 at 14:46:19Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-23T20:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 2019-04-2
The value of intra-household survey data for age-based nutritional targeting
No full textThe object of this paper has been, first to develop a framework for upper-limit indicator targeting, and to illustrate it for age based targeting of nutrition interventions using data from the Philippines. Second, the authors provide quantitative estimates of the value of individual level information and of knowledge of the intra-household allocation of calories. For the sample, age proved to be a good indicator of undernutrition. However, this was not the case with household level calorie adequacy which rendered age less useful as a targeting instrument, at an often considerable calorie cost. Food sharing, on the other hand, truly rendered age less helpful as a targeting instrument because of within-household leakage. The authors conclude that the design of nutrition interventions can be very susceptible to the level of aggregation of available information. This is consistent with findings that while poverty or undernutrition rankings of groups defined on household level characteristics were not sensitive to the level of aggregation, the rankings of groups defined on individual characteristics were very sensitive. Perhaps the costs of collection of these intra-household data outweigh the benefits, but the experiments in this paper begin to answer questions about the costs of not collecting them.Poverty Lines,Youth and Governance,Science Education,Scientific Research&Science Parks,Health Monitoring&Evaluation
Characterization of TLB and page allocation behavior on modern processors
No full textVirtual memory support is prevalent in most modern processors and is facilitated through Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs) which play a major role in the overall system performance. TLB misses are costly since they require multiple high latency memory references to walk the page table and locate the desired Virtual Page Number (VPN) - Physical Page Number (PPN) mapping. This study improves TLB hit rates by taking advantage of any contiguity present in the pages allocated by the Operating System (OS). By contiguity we refer to cases where consecutive VPNs are mapped to consecutive PPNs. Traditionally, OSs use large or superpages to collapse hundreds of such contiguous entries, thereby using one TLB entry to represent them rather than hundreds of entries they would normally require. Unfortunately due to implementation complexities superpaging has not been universally successful in reducing TLB pressure. We show, however, that even without explicit superpaging, various OS virtual memory allocation activities lead to intermediate levels of contiguity that may be exploited to coalesce TLB entries and significantly improve hit rates. We verify the presence of contiguity by running benchmarks on a real system and checking the page allocations of the OS. The OS page allocation schemes depend on memory pressure and memory defragmentation daemons. Further, we find an average contiguity of 30 pages over all the benchmarks and configurations with superpaging turned on and about 10 with superpaging turned off. To verify the performance of a Coalesced TLB we have implemented a fully associative TLB with variable size and Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy. Our results show an average hit rate improvement of 25% by adding an 8-16 entry fully associative Coalesced TLB. The Coalesced TLB further needs no complex hardware to implement, hence providing to a low cost means to reduce miss rates.M.S.Includes bibliographical referencesby Viswanathan Vaidyanatha
Children and intra-household inequality : a theoretical analysis
No full textArguing that resources within the household are not allocated according to need, several researchers have tried to model intra-household allocative behavior. One group (1990) argued that as households become better off, intra-household inequality first increases then decreases. The behavior of intra-household inequality as household welfare improves is clearly important for policy, as interventions are often restricted to the household level - although the objective is to improve the welfare of the least-well-off individual. The author shows here that many of the tractable derivations of intra-household resource allocation are available in what might be called the"linear expenditure systems"framework. He analyzes the relationship between intra-household inequality and total household resources for models of intra-household allocation that lead to a linear expenditure reduced form. He then investigates three structural models : household welfare maximization; cooperative bargaining; and a noncooperative game with children as public goods. The author indicates how these models should be modified to produce reduced forms that are better represented in the evidence.Urban Housing,Poverty Lines,Environmental Economics&Policies,Inequality,Housing&Human Habitats
Sustainable product and market development for subsistence marketplaces: Creating educational initiatives in radically different contexts
No full textDeveloping products and business processes to serve subsistence marketplaces (or the roughly 4 billion poor around the world referred to as the bottom of the pyramid) is a significant challenge for businesses. Despite the importance of subsistence marketplaces, most product development educational curricula have been focused on relatively resource-rich and literate consumers and markets. We teach an innovative year-long product development course which includes an international immersion experience and which covers a broad spectrum of learning from understanding poverty, to consumer behavior, to product development and engineering design specifically for subsistence consumers. This unique course represents a pioneering effort to focus attention and create knowledge about product development, marketing, management, and engineering practices for subsistence marketplaces. Our two-semester course sequence for graduate-level students in a variety of business and engineering disciplines and industrial design combines in-class pedagogy with experiential learning and results in useful and marketable product concepts and prototypes. Working on projects with multinational companies or startups, students identify an opportunity of general need, conduct field market research to better understand subsistence consumer needs and contexts through an international immersion experience, develop a product concept, convert the concept to a workable prototype, and develop a manufacturing plan, marketing strategy, and overall business plan for the product. Overlaying the content found in a typical new product development lab course we develop a contextual understanding of subsistence marketplaces, setting the stage for new product development. A central aspect of the learning experience is travel to subsistence markets for actual immersion in the context and to conduct market research. Our course is at the confluence of two of the most important issues facing humanity, subsistence and sustainability. Lessons learned here can also be extended to other radically different contexts, such as future scenarios involving severe energy shortages or climate change consequences. Such educational initiatives provide challenging learning experiences in preparing students for the unique demands of the 21st century. © 2011 Product Development and Management Association.APPLE LE, 1988, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V5, P70, DOI 10.1111-1540-5885.510070; ASHBY M, 2003, MATER TODAY, V6, P24, DOI 10.1016-S1369-7021(03)01223-9; Cardozo RN, 2002, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V19, P4, DOI 10.1016-S0737-6782(01)00116-3; CHICK A, 1997, J SUSTAINABLE PRODUC, V1, P53; Donaldson KM, 2006, RES ENG DES, V17, P135, DOI 10.1007-s00163-006-0017-3; Ehrenreich B., 2002, NICKEL DIMED; Eppinger S.D., 2002, DESIGN MANAGEMENT J, V13, P58; GESCHKA H, 1986, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V3, P48, DOI 10.1016-0737-6782(86)90043-3; GREEN M, 2006, P ASME DES ENG TECHN; HAMMOND A. L., 2007, INNOVATIONS, V2, P147, DOI [10.1162-itgg.2007.2.1-2.147, DOI 10.1162-ITGG.2007.2.1-2.147]; HANNUKAINEN P, 2006, P ASME DES ENG TECHN; Hargadon A, 2000, HARVARD BUS REV, V78, P157; HAUSER JR, 1988, HARVARD BUS REV, V66, P63; HERSTATT C, 1992, J PROD INNOVAT MANAG, V9, P213, DOI 10.1016-0737-6782(92)90031-7; HORAN J, 2004, ONE PAGE BUSINESS PL; Murcott S., 2007, J INT DEV, V19, P123, DOI 10.1002-jid.1353; Prahalad CK, 2002, HARVARD BUS REV, V80, P48; PRAHALAD CK, 2005, FORT BOTT PYR ER POV; PUGH P, 1991, TOTAL DESIGN INTEGRA; Rodriguez J, 2006, INTERACT COMPUT, V18, P956, DOI 10.1016-j.intcom.2006.05.007; Sahlman WA, 1997, HARVARD BUS REV, V75, P98; Schumacher Ernest F., 1973, SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL E; *SME, 2003, PLAST INJ MOLD; *SME, 2004, FUND MAN PROC SAMPL; Sridharan S, 2008, J CONSUM MARK, V25, P455, DOI 10.1108-07363760810915671; Stone R. B., 2000, Design Studies, V21, DOI 10.1016-S0142-694X(99)00003-4; TAGUCHI J, 1990, HARVARD BUS REV, V68, P65; Tybout JR, 2000, J ECON LIT, V38, P11, DOI 10.1257-jel.38.1.11; Ulrich K., 2007, PRODUCT DESIGN DEV; Viswanathan M, 2005, J MARKETING, V69, P15, DOI 10.1509-jmkg.69.1.15.55507; Viswanathan M., 2009, IVEY BUSINESS J MAR; Viswanathan M, 2009, J MACROMARKETING, V29, P406, DOI 10.1177-0276146709345620; Viswanathan M, 2008, EDUC ASIA PAC REG-IS, V12, P1, DOI 10.1007-978-1-4020-5769-4; Viswanathan M., 2007, PRODUCT MARKET DEV S, P1; Viswanathan M., 2007, PRODUCT MARKET DEV S, P212
Outside the fold conversion, modernity, and belief
No full text"Outside the Fold is a radical reexamination of religious conversion. Gauri Viswanathan skillfully argues that conversion is an interpretive act that belongs in the realm of cultural criticism. To that end, this work examines key moments in colonial and postcolonial history to show how conversion questions the limitations of secular ideologies, particularly the discourse of rights central to both the British empire and the British nation-state. Implicit in such questioning is an attempt to construct an alternative epistemological and ethical foundation of national community. Viswanathan grounds her study in an examination of two stimultaneous and, she asserts, linked events: the legal emancipation of religious minorities in England and the acculturation of colonial subjects to British rule. The author views these two apparently disparate events as part of a common pattern of national consolidation that produced the English state. She seeks to explain why resistance, in both cases, frequently took the form of religious conversion, especially to "minority" or alternative religions. Confronting the general characterization of conversion as assimilative and annihilating of identity, Viswanathan demonstrates that a willful change of religion can be seen instead as an act of opposition. Outside the Fold concludes that, as a form of cultural crossing, conversion comes to represent a vital release into difference.""Through the figure of the convert, Viswanathan addresses the vexing question of the role of belief and minority discourse in modern society. She establishes new points of contact between the convert as religious dissenter and as colonial subject. This convergence provides a transcultural perspective not otherwise visible in literary and historical texts. It allows for radically new readings of significant figures as diverse as John Henry Newman, Pandita Ramabai, Annie Besant, and B. R. Ambedkar, as well as close studies of court cases, census reports, and popular English fiction. These varying texts illuminate the means by which discourses of religious identity are produced, contained, or opposed by the languages of law, reason, and classificatory knowledge. Outside the Fold is a challenging, provocative contribution to the multidisciplinary field of cultural studies. Book jacket."--BOOK JACKE
REANALYSIS OF THE EMISSION SPECTRUM OF IN FOREIGN GASES
No full textA. L. Guy, K.S. Viswanathan, A. Sur, and J. Tellinghuisen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 73, 582 (1980). H. Hemmati and G. J. Collins, Chem. Phys. Lett. 67, 5 (1979). P. Venkateswarlu, Phys. Rev. 81. 821 (1951). R. D. Verma, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 48A, 197 (1958). K.S. Viswanathan, A. Sur, and J. Tellinghuisen, J. Mol. Spectrosc. (in press).Author Institution:The emission spectrum of in foreign gases is studied as a function of pressure, temperature, end isotopic species, using a tesla discharge as Evidence is found for at least 12 of the 18 ion-pair states arising from , of which (2g) appears to be the lowest. The pressure- and temperature-dependent spectra support the suggestion that both the 3400-A system and a broad band near 5000 A originate from this state. High-resolution spectra show discrete structure in electronic bands at 2380 A, 2770 A, and 2880 A, in addition to the well-known F-X (2700 A), D-A(3400 A), and E-B (4300 A) systems. The 2380 system originates from a state near and terminates on the X state near v = 50. The 2770 system, which was previously as terminating on the X or B state, is now found to involve the A() The 2880 system terminates on a weakly bound lower slate which probably dissociates to ground-stale atoms. Work is continuing on the other electronic bands of the emission spectrum, most of which appear to be diffuse
Thoracotomy and excision of right ventricular myocardial hydatid cyst - Anaesthetic management.
No full textAdaptive transmit power control based on signal strength and frame loss measurements for WLANs:
No full textIn the past few years, we witnessed a rapid penetration of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) into the home and enterprise. Emerging technology such as the IEEE 802.11n radio, which is getting increasingly affordable, makes delivering multimedia content over
wireless networks possible and this would drive the technology further into our daily life. As the number of available wireless channels in the unlicensed spectrum is limited (3 non-overlapping channels in 2.4GHz unlicensed band and up to 24 non-overlapping channels in 5GHz unlicensed band), they have to be shared by multiple WLANs consisting of Access Points (APs) and STAtions (STAs). In a Multi-Dwelling Unit (MDU) WLAN deployment, e.g. in an apartment building or hotel, transmissions in overlapping cells tend to interfere with each other. This will adversely impact the aggregate wireless network throughput and thus the quality of experience for applications such as multimedia streaming. Hence there is a need for automatic and adaptive resource management strategy to ensure a good overall network performance.
In this thesis we propose an adaptive per-link Transmit Power Control (TPC) solution for WLANs. TPC can reduce interference, increase channel reuse, and eventually increase the overall capacity in dense 802.11 wireless networks. However intelligent algorithms are
required to adapt transmit power in a practical and distributed way to achieve improvement in performance. It becomes more challenging given different types of interference (cooperative and non-cooperative) in the unlicensed band as well as the hidden node problem. From a detailed study of the previous efforts at power control, we observe that in order to make better decisions on transmit power; an AP needs to actively monitor several factors. Hence we develop a TPC algorithm based on both link margin estimation as well as frame loss rate measurement. Compared to previous solutions that adapt the transmit power based on measurement of a single parameter (either received signal strength or frame loss rate), the proposed power control mechanism can diagnose and take remedial action for hidden nodes and channel access asymmetry problems manifesting as frame losses. It is adaptive to mobility, complementary to any rate control algorithm and can also be incrementally deployed amidst non-cooperative nodes. We have implemented the algorithm as an application running on Atheros chipset-based 802.11n APs, taking practical system-level limitations into account. The proposed solution achieves significant transmit power reduction at the APs (to as low as 60% of the maximum power) for STAs as far as 70ft and over ∼60% increase in total network throughput through interference mitigation.M.S.Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48)by Hariharasudhan Viswanatha
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