248 research outputs found
Overall synthesis and conclusions
No full textThis chapter first systematically summarizes the most important findings and policy implications of each of the chapters included in this book volume. Next it synthesizes the overall findings and policy implications, and discusses future avenues for policy making and research. A first conclusion is that the chapters make clear that the ranges in policy relevant implications of AVs, within the scope of each chapter/topic, are still relatively broad. Secondly we conclude that research that is conceptually rich is more valuable for policy making. Thirdly we hypothesize that context matters for the uptake, impacts, and specific system design characteristics of real world AV implementation. Fourth we conclude that research on the global south has been limited so far. Fifth we argue that AVs, shared vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) might stimulate each other in a positive way, in all directions. Finally we conclude that AVs will have wider societal implications, such as in the area of land use, accessibility, social exclusion, governmental expenditures, the labor market, and the environment. The more indirect the effects of AVs are, the more difficult they are to understand. For policy making a first conclusion is that the issues of ethics, cyber security and data protection deserve way more attention than they currently get. We also conclude that future motorway network extensions might not be no-regret anymore, because of possible congestion reductions due to AVs, but also because of decreasing marginal values of time. Finally we argue that countries that introduce AVs later than other countries can learn a lot from the real world experiences elsewhere.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Transport and Logistic
Post hos nostra terra est: mapping the Late Roman ecumene with the Expositio totius mundi et gentium
Get PDFThis paper studies the landscape of the Late Roman ecumene as depicted by the Expositio totius mundi et gentium (Expos. mundi),1 written by an anonymous author in the middle of the 4th century CE. It will first contextualise the text and assess its structure, language and genre. The contribution will then focus on the distinction between Rome, the Sasanids and utopic societies in the east near Eden, the political and military organization of the Imperium Romanum as well as its economic framework and varying expressions of its culture. As
this paper will show, the anonymous author does not present detailed descriptions of Rome’s geographical landscape. Instead, the primary focus is on material resources of the Roman Empire, their potential for economic exploitation and the trading opportunities resulting from it. Rome’s cultivated landscapes are thereby regarded as important preconditions for its success on an economic, political and cultural level
Alternative organizing with social purpose: Revisiting institutional analysis of market-based activity
No full textGiven rampant economic inequality, social exclusion and overconsumption, organizing in markets increasingly focuses on leveraging commercial activity for a social purpose. Alternative forms of organizing have developed to overcome the deficiencies of contemporary capitalism. They have become prevalent in numerous institutional contexts through types of organizations such as social enterprises, cooperatives and platform-based sharing economy organizations. Our objective is to ignite research on alternative organizing. We build on two important institutional perspectives, Neo-institutionalism and Comparative Capitalism, to investigate how these organizations diverge from the archetypal corporation. In addition, we develop a framework to guide institutional analysis of the origins, enabling conditions and consequences of alternative organizing in contemporary markets and society. We conclude by laying out pathways for future research
Friedrich Fröbels dritte Gabe als Fördermaterial zur Verbesserung des räumlich-visuellen Vorstellungsvermögens. Eine empirische Studie im Rahmen des Förderunterrichts Mathematik im Übergangssystem an der beruflichen Förderschule
Get PDFIn dieser Arbeit werden theoretische und empirische Aspekte der Förderung des räumlich-visuellen Vorstellungsvermögens mittels der dritten Fröbel-Gabe an einer beruflichen Förderschule beschrieben. Obwohl Fröbels Material seit beinahe 200 Jahren der Pädagogik bekannt ist, wurde anscheinend nie in förderberufsschulspezifischen Settings damit gearbeitet. Auch liegen keine Hinweise auf empirische Studien zum Einsatz des Materials aus frühpädagogischen Einrichtungen oder Schulen vor. Um diese Forschungslücke bezogen auf den Einsatz des Materials in der Schule zumindest zum Teil zu füllen, wird diese Arbeit zweiteilig aufgebaut: Im ersten Teil werden die theoretischen Grundlagen zu Fröbel, seine Biografie, sein Gabensystem und sein Verständnis von Mathematik beleuchtet. Im zweiten Teil schließt sich eine empirische Studie zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit der dritten Fröbel-Gabe als Fördermaterial im Mathematikunterricht an. (Autor)This thesis describes theoretical and empirical aspects of the promotion of spatial-visual imagination by means of the third Froebel gift at a vocational special school. Although Froebel\u27s material has been known to pedagogues for almost 200 years, it seems that it has never been used in settings specific to vocational schools. There are also no references to empirical studies on the use of the material from early childhood education institutions or schools. In order to at least partially fill this research gap in relation to the use of the material in schools, this paper is structured in two parts: In the first part, the theoretical foundations of Froebel, his biography, his system of giving and his understanding of mathematics are examined. The second part is followed by an empirical study to test the effectiveness of the third Froebel gift as a support material in mathematics lessons. (Author
Institutionelle und organisationale Bestimmungsfaktoren der Einführung von Corporate Social Responsibility-Maßnahmen
No full textPrivate governance, whereby firms devise and implement rules that govern the
social issues that arise from their economic operations, has become
increasingly relevant for modern corporations. Private governance pertains to
stakeholder issues as diverse as human rights, consumer safety, and
environmental pollution. However, our knowledge about the conditions under
which firms adopt programs and policies by which they declare responsibility
for such issues, known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), is still
underdeveloped. Extant research has presented ambiguous arguments whether CSR
may complement or substitute for regulation, so that no comprehensive theory
of the institutional influences on CSR adoption exists. Additionally,
differences in kinds of CSR may emerge given different institutional contexts
and organizational characteristics. The papers in this dissertation contribute
to a richer theory on the conditions under which CSR emerges as a distinct
mode of governance that is different from state regulation. Using data on
issue-specific and detailed CSR adoption, the papers focus on two drivers of
CSR: the institutional contexts of a firm and its internal capacities that
shape awareness of stakeholder issues. In two papers, datasets of detailed
subsidiary ownership of multinational corporations (MNCs) are used to measure
distinct kinds of stakeholder expectations that originate in companies’ home
and host country institutions and their influence on European MNCs’ CSR
adoption. The first main contribution is that, in contrast to prior studies,
CSR can – paradoxically – serve as both a substitute for and complement to
regulatory institutions. In the third paper, a longitudinal dataset of
symbolic and substantive changes in CSR adoption in US corporations was
constructed to test how stakeholder challenges and CSR-related organizational
characteristics affect the uptake of different forms of symbolic and
substantive CSR. Here, the contribution is the finding that the quality of CSR
can differ depending on how organizations focus attention of their members on
the stakeholder environment. In this regard, it is shown that companies with
CSR-oriented organizational features, such as a board-level CSR committee and
employee sustainability training, tend to adopt substantive private
governance.Private Formen von „Governance“, durch die Firmen die sozialen Dimensionen und
Konsequenzen ihres wirtschaftlichen Handelns regulieren, haben für moderne
Unternehmen enorm an Bedeutung gewonnen und kommen in höchst unterschiedlichen
Bereichen wie Menschenrechte, Kundensicherheit und Umweltverschmutzung zur
Geltung. Dennoch sind unsere Kenntnisse über die Entstehungsbedingungen von
Maßnahmen, durch die Firmen eine Verantwortung für solche Bereiche deklarieren
– auch bekannt als „Corporate Social Responsibility“ (CSR) – stark begrenzt.
Die bestehende Forschung präsentiert ein unklares Bild darüber, ob CSR
staatliche Regulierung komplementiert oder sie ersetzen kann, sodass keine
umfassende Theorie der institutionellen Bestimmungsfaktoren von CSR
exisitiert. Hinzu kommt, dass CSR qualitativ unterschiedliche Formen je nach
institutionellem Umfeld und organisationalen Charakteristiken annehmen kann.
In diesem Sinne trägt diese Dissertation zur Bildung einer umfangreicheren
Theorie der Entstehung von CSR als einer eigenen Form der Regulierung bei. Mit
Rückgriff auf bereichsspezifische und detaillierte CSR-Daten werden zwei
Faktorengruppen der CSR-Einführung untersucht: die institutionellen Umwelten
der Firma, sowie die internen Organisationskapazitäten der Sensibilisierung
auf Stakeholder. Zwei der drei Artikel nutzen detaillierte Daten zu
ausländischen Tochtergesellschaften, um den Einfluss von Institutionen in
Heimat- und Gastländern auf die CSR-Einführung in europäischen multinationalen
Unternehmen zu messen. Der erste Hauptbeitrag der Dissertation besteht darin,
zu zeigen, dass CSR im Gegensatz zur bestehenden Literatur paradoxerweise
sowohl komplementär zu bestehender Regulierung als auch substituierend zu
solcher entstehen kann. Das dritte Papier nutzt Längsschnittdaten zu
symbolischer und substantieller CSR-Einführung in US-Unternehmen, um den
Einfluss externer Stakeholder durch negative Medienberichterstattung und CSR-
bezogene Unternehmensstrukturen zu messen. In diesem Artikel wird gezeigt,
dass die Qualität privater Governance durch die Art und Weise, in der
Organisationen das Bewusstsein und die Aufmerksamkeit ihrer Mitglieder auf
Stakeholder steuern, beeinflusst wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Firmen mit
Stakeholder-spezifischen Strukturen wie CSR-Ausschüssen und
Nachhaltigkeitstrainings substantielle Formen privater Governance einsetzen
Let’s Talk about Problems: Advancing Research on Hybrid Organizing, Social Enterprises, and Institutional Context
No full textSocial enterprises have long been considered ideal settings for studying hybrid organizing due to their combination of social and economic goals and activities. In this chapter, the authors argue that the current research focus on hybrid organizing foregrounds the paradox, conflicting logics, and multiple identities associated with the pursuit of multiple goals but underappreciates the relationship between hybrid organizing and its institutional context. Recognizing that the primary objective of social enterprises is to tackle social problems, the authors introduce the social problem domain as an analytically useful and theoretically interesting meso-level to examine the role of context for hybrid organizing and to advance conversations on hybridity in organizational theory. Social problem domains offer insights into the political, cultural, and material differences in how various societies deal with social problems, which in turn affects hybrid organizing. The authors provide empirical insights derived from an analysis of social enterprises across three countries and social problem domains. The authors show how the institutional arrangements of social enterprises differ considerably across contexts, and how these arrangements affect how social enterprises become more or less similar compared to traditional ways of organizing in these problem domains. Based on these findings, the authors outline a research agenda on social enterprises that focuses on examining the nature, antecedents, and outcomes of hybrid organizing around social problems across multiple levels of analysis. With this chapter, the authors move the focus of social enterprise research in organizational theory from studying how these organizations cope with multiple logics and goals toward studying how they engage in markets for public purpose
Policies without plans?:Sequential CSR responses and the role of resources for policy implementation
No full textResearch on organizational responsiveness to stakeholder pressure has often assumed that firms are capable of intentionally selecting symbolic or substantive responses as such pressures occur. As such, decoupling – gaps between policy adoption and implementation – results from strategic considerations by managers. In this paper, we rethink these assumptions and develop a theory of sequential responses to stakeholder pressure. We show that sequential responses – whereby firms exhibit time gaps between policy adoption and their implementation and decoupling is temporary – are a common empirical occurrence. Focusing on the key role of organizational resources, we hypothesize that the likelihood of sequential responses and the timing of implementation depend on the availability of structural and attentional resources that enable firms to implement policies faster. We find considerable support for our hypotheses using a sample of US firms in the issue domain of consumer safety
Sozialunternehmertum
No full textSozialunternehmertum bezieht sich auf die innovative Nutzung wie Kombination von Ressourcen zur Bewältigung sozialer Probleme und Bedürfnisse. Wir zeichnen Debatten um die Definition von Sozialunternehmertum nach und stellen institutionellen Wandel und die Verfolgung vielfältiger Ziele als Schlüsselmerkmale von Sozialunternehmertum heraus. Auf Basis einer Diskussion verschiedener Arbeiten der Management-, Organisations- und Unternehmertumsforschung eröffnen wir eine prägnante und generative Perspektive auf Sozialunternehmertum. Sie soll helfen, die Erforschung sozialer Innovationen voran zu treiben
Sustaining the integration of social objectives over time: A case-based analysis of access to medicine in the pharmaceutical industry
Get PDFCompanies increasingly seek to strategically integrate social objectives in commercial activities to address societal challenges, yet little is known about how companies can sustain such a commitment over time. To address this question, we conduct a case-based, abductive study of two pharmaceutical companies widely considered industry leaders in facilitating access to medicine over a 20-year period (2000–2019). We identify product and operation-level integration as distinct types of integration efforts enacted by these companies. Tracing the intraorganizational dynamics associated with these efforts, we theorize that sustained integration is contingent on companies’ ability to respond to and address the challenges specific to product and operation-level integration. The theoretical framework we develop contributes to an emerging debate on the potential of companies to make progress on societal challenges by strategically integrating social objectives, including but not limited to those related to global health
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