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A Retrospective Study of Those Histopathologic Parameters Predictive of Invasion of the Lymphatic System by Canine Mammary Carcinomas
Full text linkThe aim of the present study was to determine which histopathologic parameters of primary canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) could predict metastatic spread via the lymphatic system. A modification of the World Health Organization classification was applied to 245 CMCs. In addition to tumor subtype, neoplastic infiltration of the surrounding mammary stroma, vasculogenic mimicry, and micropapillary pattern were evaluated, and 2 histologic grading systems were used for each sample. A statistical analysis was undertaken to determine the relationship between these histopathologic parameters and the detection of lymphatic vessels invasion (LVI) and regional lymph node metastases (RLM). To compare the predictive value for lymphatic spread of the 2 histologic grading systems, the Akaike information criterion was measured. The classification into tumor subtypes was significant (P < .01) in predicting the risk of LVI and RLM. Peripheral infiltration, vasculogenic mimicry, and micropapillary pattern were found in 170 of 245 (69.4%), 32 of 245 (13.1%), and 54 of 245 (22.0%) CMCs. The presence of peripheral infiltration was significantly associated (P < .001) with both LVI and RLM, and a similar relation (P < .05) was found for the micropapillary pattern. Vasculogenic mimicry was not predictive of invasion of the lymphatic system. Both histologic grading systems were significant predictors (P < .001) of the risk of LVI and RLM. The grading system that included a more rigorous evaluation of the neoplastic mitotic activity had the lower Akaike information criterion values, thus indicating a better predictive ability. The study confirms the significant prognostic role for the modified World Health Organization classification of CMCs and the prognostic value of additional histopathologic parameters
Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in subtypes of canine mammary tumours in intact and ovariectomised dogs.
No full textThe objective of this study was to investigate as a potential prognostic indicator the relationship between histological subtype of canine mammary tumours (CMTs) and oestrogen-α (ORα) and progesterone (PR) receptor expression. Using immunohistochemistry, receptor expression in neoplastic epithelial cells was assessed in 12 different subtypes in 113 CMTs (34 benign, 79 malignant) and 101 surrounding normal tissues. Sixty-eight and 45 CMTs were from intact and ovariectomised bitches, respectively. Histological subtype strongly influenced ORα/PR expression: simple and complex adenomas as well as simple tubular carcinomas exhibited the greatest expression, whereas immunohistochemical labelling for these receptors was weakest in carcinoma and malignant myoepitheliomas, as well as in solid/anaplastic carcinomas and comedocarcinomas. Receptor expression was generally higher in benign relative to malignant neoplasms, and in the latter it was significantly lower in ovariectomised vs. intact bitches. Lymphatic invasion, mitotic index, nodule diameter, and tumour grade were significantly associated with ORα/PR expression. Although not found to be an independent prognostic indicator, tumours from dogs with <10% cells with ORα/PR expression had a poorer prognosis. Lymphatic invasion, the state of the margins of excision, and mitotic index were found to be independent prognostic indicators. Overall, the results suggest that differences in histological subtype and whether or not a bitch has been ovariectomised should be considered when evaluating the significance of ORα and PR expression in CMTs
CLASSIFICATION AND GRADING OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS.
No full textMammary neoplasms are the most common neoplasm in female dogs. Two histologic classification systems for canine mammary tumors and dysplasias have been published: the first in 1974 and a modification in 1999. This article provides a brief overview of the two histologic classification systems. Since the publication of the second system, several new histologic subtypes of canine mammary neoplasms have been described. These have been incorporated into the proposed new classification system. This article also compares the grading systems for canine mammary carcinomas and their use for prognosis, along with the histologic classification
TUMORE MAMMARIO CANINO: ESPRESSIONE DEI RECETTORI DI ESTROGENO E PROGESTERONE IN DIVERSI SOTTOTIPI TUMORALI.
No full textI recettori estrogenici e progestinici (ER, PR) rivestono un importante ruolo prognostico nel tumore al seno. A fini prognostico-terapeutici e comparativi, diversi studi hanno valutato l’espressione di tali recettori nel tumore mammario canino (TMC), che è risultato prevalentemente di tipo ormone-dipendente. Il valore prognostico di ER e PR nel TMC è tuttavia ancora oggetto di controversie. Sebbene si riscontri una significativa variazione di espressione tra tessuto mammario sano e neoplastico, e tra tumore mammario benigno e maligno, mancano informazioni dettagliate relative all’espressione nei diversi sottotipi tumorali. Nel presente studio si è indagata mediante metodica immunoistochimica l’espressione di ER e PR in 12 tipi istologici di tumore mammario canino, di cui alcuni di recente classificazione (Goldschimdt et al., 2011), e nel tessuto sano circostante. Sono stati analizzati un totale di 113 campioni di TMC (34 benigni e 79 maligni) e 101 di tessuto sano, appartenenti a 68 femmine intere e 45 femmine non intere. Si è valutato inoltre l’effetto dell’ovariectomia e di diverse caratteristiche istopatologiche sull’espressione recettoriale e il loro valore prognostico. Il tipo istologico è risultato influenzare in modo altamente significativo l’espressione recettoriale di ER e PR sia in termini di percentuale di positività cellulare sia di intensità di segnale. In particolare: l’adenoma semplice, l’adenoma complesso, e il carcinoma tubulare semplice hanno mostrato i valori più elevati, mentre il carcinoma solido, il carcinoma anaplastico e il carcinoma comedonico, i valori più bassi. ER e PR non sono risultati tuttavia di valore prognostico. I risultati del presente studio suggeriscono l’importanza di tenere in considerazione la differenza di espressione recettoriale esistente tra le diverse classi istologiche, che potrebbe influenzare significativamente i risultati relativi ai livelli di espressione
DEVELOPMENT, ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE, CLINICAL FEATURES, AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION MARKERS OF CANINE MAMMARY GLAND NEOPLASMS.
No full textMammary neoplasms are the most common neoplasm in female dogs. This article describes the embryologic development, normal anatomy, and histology of the canine mammary gland from the onset of first estrous and the changes that occur in the mammary gland during the estrus cycle. The clinical features of canine mammary gland tumors and their relation to prognosis are discussed, including age, hormones, breed, diet, and obesity. Additional clinical prognostic factors including clinical presentation, tumor size, and lymph node status at the time of presentation are discussed in relation to diagnosis and tumor staging. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the cell differentiation markers of the normal and neoplastic canine mammary gland is described and compared with similar studies in humans; the ways these markers may be used to assist with the prognosis of canine mammary neoplasms are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Malignant melanoma with central nervous system involvement in a dog treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
No full textA five-year-old female entire cocker spaniel was admitted for acute obtundation and non-ambulatory tetraparesis. MRI of the brain revealed a mass lesion in the right olfactory and frontal lobe area and in the right frontal sinus. Transfrontal craniotomy was performed for surgical excision, with intraoperative application of cytarabine and methotrexate. At discharge, the dog was ambulatory with mild generalised ataxia. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed a malignant melanoma. Lomustine was initiated. Six months after surgery the dog was readmitted for right exophthalmos, due to a right retrobulbar mass that was surgically excised. Histopathology confirmed melanoma, and a course of radiotherapy was added and lomustine restarted. The dog was euthanased after further 17 months for relapsing neurological signs secondary to recurrent CNS melanoma. This treatment of a melanoma with CNS involvement showed encouraging results, achieving a total survival time of 23 months
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