1,720,967 research outputs found
Appendix 1: Ring-billed and Franklin's Gull AIV rT-PCR and ELISA Results
No full textFull results from Franklin's and Ring-billed Gull rRT-PCR, ELISA, H5 and H7 subtype-specific rRT-PCRs, proportion tests, descriptive analyses, and serology analyses.The natural reservoirs for avian influenza virus (AIV) are wild waterbirds such as ducks and gulls. In Minnesota, gulls are abundant and known to visit poultry farms, yet are underrepresented in AIV wild bird surveillance efforts. The purpose of this research was to fill part of this surveillance gap by studying AIV in Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) (RBGU) and Franklin’s Gulls (Leucophaeus pipixcan) (FRGU) in August 2017. Results from previous work showed that RBGUs in Minnesota have the highest AIV prevalence levels in the fall, when gulls migrate from their breeding colonies, through areas with poultry farms, to their wintering grounds. This finding, coupled with the reported presence of gulls of all species loafing and foraging near poultry dense areas of Minnesota, warranted further targeted surveillance efforts of other related species, in particular the FRGU. Due to their slow and widely dispersed fall migration pattern, the FRGU may have even more opportunities than the RBGU to become infected with and transmit AIV to other species. This study evaluated 120 FRGU sera, oropharyngeal swabs and cloacal swabs from a wild bird surveillance project conducted in Minnesota in 2017. These samples were tested to determine the AIV sero- and viral prevalence of the FRGU, and subsequently compared their prevalence rates to RBGU.
In addition to performing surveillance to determine AIV prevalence in FRGU and RBGU in Minnesota, the swabs that tested positive for AIV from the RBGU and FRGU samples were subjected to whole genome sequencing to determine subtype and lineage. Analyses of each virus segment showed there was no virus movement between the gulls in this study and the 2015 H5N2 highly pathogenic AIV that infected domestic poultry in Minnesota. In other words, the AIV from these gulls in Minnesota did not share a common ancestry with the domestic HPAI H5 viruses of 2014-2015. The RBGU and FRGU H13N2, H13N6, and H13N8 AIV detected were reassortants with AIV genes of North American and Eurasian lineage primarily from other gull species but also commonly containing gene segments from North American duck species. The implications for not finding H5 AIV by rRT-PCR could mean that gulls do not harbor or circulate H5 AIV or that the timing and geographic location are imperative for detection of H5 AIV in wild birds during outbreaks in domestic birds.
Finally, to add support to the genetic evidence that AIV in RBGU are a result of RBGU mixing with other species from different geographic locations during migration, we explored the ecological drivers of these AIV infections to see how they affect viral genetic diversity. We investigated gull movements by collecting resighting events from banded RBGU and from satellite location tracking of a small subset of RBGU from one breeding colony on Interstate Island in Duluth, Minnesota. The predominant resightings and recorded movements of Minnesota RBGU were along the Great Lakes, crossing both the Mississippi and Atlantic flyways during fall migration, and overwintering along the Atlantic coast of the Eastern United States. This study determined that the geographic dissemination of the gulls and the geographic lineage of their viruses were in agreement with RBGU having ample opportunity during their life stages to interact and mix with other avian species and become infected with AIV from those other species.
Overall, these studies determined that targeted surveillance of gulls over the migration and breeding seasons allows for the successful identification of AIV and estimates of AIV prevalence in gulls. Although there are populations of gulls in Minnesota with reassortant AIV containing gene segments from AIV of multiple avian species and of varying geographic lineage, there is no evidence that exchange of viruses or gene segments of viruses between domestic poultry and gulls has occurred in Minnesota. Through the satellite monitoring of RBGUs from a single breeding colony, we were able to investigate gull movement to and from Minnesota which will facilitate timing and location of future AIV surveillance efforts.Cuthbert, Francesca; Culhane, Marie; Rasmussen, Elizabeth; Craft, Meggan; Cardona, Carol. (2021). Appendix 1: Ring-billed and Franklin's Gull AIV rT-PCR and ELISA Results. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://doi.org/10.13020/9b7h-0973
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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