1,721,050 research outputs found
Selective responding to human ostensive communication is an early developing capacity of domestic dogs
No full textGroup-mindedness as evolved solution to deal with group-living
No full textAbstract Challenges of group-living include foundational problems of cooperation and coordination that extend beyond anthropoid primates and may potentially be managed through evolved group-mindedness rather than expanded neocortical size and enhanced capacities for executive functions
Novel object exploration in ravens (Corvus corax) : effects of social relationships
No full textSocial context has been shown to encourage, or to delay object exploration and learning. This ambiguity might be due to factors such as social relationships and personality of the individuals involved. Here, we investigated in ravens (Corvus corax) individuals' consistency in response to novel objects over development and across contexts: alone versus social. In the social setting we focussed on the effects of social relationships on social facilitation during the approach to novel objects. We tested 11 hand-raised ravens with novel objects individually at three and six months of age and in dyadic combinations at six months of age. Individuals were consistent over development and contexts in their response to different novel objects. Birds joined siblings faster to approach novel objects than non-siblings. They also spent more time sitting close to siblings than to non-siblings. In male-male dyads but not in female-female dyads, subordinates approached the novel objects significantly faster than dominant birds. In contrast, dominant males were the first to approach the novel objects in mixed-sex combinations. Hence, the effect of social context seems to depend on the social relationships towards the companions and on the combination of the sexes.publishe
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Does the noise level and number of visitors influence dogs and wolves\u27 behavior?
No full textMaster thesis - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna - 2022The visitor effect has already been investigated with many different animal species. The goal of these studies is to understand if, and how, visitors influence animals living in captivity. However, to date only few studies have focused on canines, and none have compared equally raised dogs, C. l. familiaris, and wolves, Canis lupus. This direct comparison might give valuable insights on how domestication has changed the perception of humans by dogs and wolves. Here, we observed the animals at the Wolf Science Center (WSC) in their reactions to spontaneously behaving human visitors, and their pet dogs. Following the ‘Hyper-Sociability Hypothesis, we expected dogs to show less negative behavior in reaction to the visitors, compared to wolves. While we found that visitor number itself had no influence on the animals, we could find a significant effect for visitor noise levels, as well as certain visitor behaviors. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we could not find an overall negative visitor effect on neither of the animals, which might be best explained by the extensive socialization of the animals from puppyhood on.Masterarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2022Der Besucher-Effekt wurde bereits anhand vieler verschiedener Tierarten untersucht, um zu verstehen ob und wie Besucher*innen Tiere die in Zoos, und ähnlichen Einrichtungen leben, beeinflussen. Bis heute haben sich jedoch nur wenige Studien mit der Familie der Kaniden befasst, und keine hat identisch aufgezogen Hunde, C. l. familiaris, und Wölfe, Canis lupus, verglichen. Dieser direkte Vergleich kann wertvolle Hinweise geben, wie sich im Laufe der Domestikation die Wahrnehmung bezüglich des Menschen vom Wolf zum Hund verändert hat. In dieser Studie haben wir die Tiere des Wolf Science Center (WSC) in ihren Reaktionen auf sich spontan verhaltene Menschen und ihre privaten Hunde beobachtet. Gemäß der ‘Hyper-Sociability Hypothesis’ erwarteten wir, dass Hunde, im Vergleich zu Wölfen, weniger negatives Verhalten als Reaktion auf die Besucher*innen zeigen würden. Während die Besucher*innen Zahl keinen Einfluss auf die Tiere zu haben scheint, konnten wir einen signifikanten Einfluss des Geräuschpegels, sowie einiger Besucher*innen Verhaltensweisen nachweisen. Entgegen unserer Hypothese konnten wir jedoch einen allgemeinen negativen Besucher*innen Effekt auf die Tiere feststellen, was am wahrscheinlichsten mit der extensiven Sozialisierung der Tiere von klein auf erklärbar ist.Master thesis - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna - 2022The visitor effect has already been investigated with many different animal species. The goal of these studies is to understand if, and how, visitors influence animals living in captivity. However, to date only few studies have focused on canines, and none have compared equally raised dogs, C. l. familiaris, and wolves, Canis lupus. This direct comparison might give valuable insights on how domestication has changed the perception of humans by dogs and wolves. Here, we observed the animals at the Wolf Science Center (WSC) in their reactions to spontaneously behaving human visitors, and their pet dogs. Following the ‘Hyper-Sociability Hypothesis, we expected dogs to show less negative behavior in reaction to the visitors, compared to wolves. While we found that visitor number itself had no influence on the animals, we could find a significant effect for visitor noise levels, as well as certain visitor behaviors. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we could not find an overall negative visitor effect on neither of the animals, which might be best explained by the extensive socialization of the animals from puppyhood on
Motivation and persistence in problem solving in dogs and wolves: effects of different feeding ecologies
No full textVeterinärmedizinische Universität Wien | Department für Interdisziplinäre Lebenswissenschaften. Konrad-Lorenz-Institut für Vergleichende VerhaltensforschungDissertation | University of Veterinary Medicine of Vienna | 201
Can dogs generalize what they learned in a cooperative task to new human and conspecific partners?
No full textMasterarbeit - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - 2023Master thesis - University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna - 2023Cooperation is defined as two or more individuals acting together towards a common goal (Noë 2006). Cooperative behaviors can occur without the actual understanding of the cooperative action. While humans have outstanding skills to understand their partner’s role and adjust their actions accordingly, cooperative behaviors can occur in other species without actual understanding of the causal role of their partner in the task (Duguid and Melis 2020). To better understand the evolutionary origins of cooperation, research must explore whether individuals from different species understand the role with whom they cooperate or whether they act simultaneously yet independently towards the same goal (Boesch and Boesch 1989, Tomasello and Call 1997). A recent study carried out by Martínez et al. (2023) showed that pet dogs consider the actions of their human partners in a coordination task and adjust their own actions accordingly. However, because dogs participated in this task with their owners as partners, it is possible that their success was due to obedience and leader-follower dynamics, rather than an understanding of the cooperative situation. In the present study we address this question by testing whether those same subjects would be able to keep their success rate when they are not paired with their owner but with a new partner, both human and conspecific. We showed that dogs generalize what they learned with their owner in the previous study also on other partners; either another dog or a human partner they have never met before, and no statistical differences were found when comparing both human and dog partners. This suggests that in Martínez et al. (2023) dogs\u27 performance was not solely based on following their owner’s actions, but rather that they have learned the cooperative nature of the task
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