1,721,050 research outputs found
Systems Biology of Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Ex Vivo and in Vitro
No full textStaphylococcus aureus has emerged as one of the most common community-acquired bacterial infections, with significant morbidity and mortality. Emergence of multidrug resistant strains worldwide, combined with limited treatment options demand novel approaches to further elucidate host-pathogen interactions, and especially host responses to infection. To this end, we leveraged systems biology approaches to better characterize the status of the host immune system during S. aureus infection ex vivo and in vitro. The transcriptional profiles of PBMC and whole blood from patients with community-acquired S. aureus infection were characterized by microarray analysis, and leukocyte population frequencies were measured by polychromatic flow cytometry. To refine our understanding of inflammatory networks involved, an in vitro system of antigen-presenting cell stimulation with various pathogens, including S. aureus as well as other bacteria and viruses, and their components, was used to identify early inflammatory programs induced in innate immune cells. To reduce the dimension and complexity of the data generated, we developed modular frameworks to analyze and interpret the fingerprints obtained from both the ex vivo and in vitro studies. // Overall, the blood transcriptional response to S. aureus infection was characterized by over-expression of innate immunity and hematopoiesis transcriptional programs, and under-expression of adaptive immunity programs. Flow cytometry and standard cell blood count (CBC) revealed an increase in absolute numbers of circulating monocytes, neutrophils and antigen-presenting cells, including dendritic cells and B cells, combined with a decrease in central memory T cells. To identify transcriptional correlates of clinical heterogeneity, we obtained individual fingerprints and derived the molecular distance to health, a numerical score of transcriptional perturbation for each patient. Patient-by-patient analysis without a priori knowledge of clinical diagnoses identified four major transcriptional clusters based on inflammation, erythropoiesis and interferon-induced profiles. Clinical presentation, bacterial dissemination and time between hospitalization and blood sampling were identified as major factors influencing the signature. The framework obtained from in vitro stimulation of monocyte-derived DC helped us refine the characterization of inflammatory programs activated during S. aureus infection. In addition to inflammatory antibacterial programs, S. aureus induced a subset of interferon response modules, also observed in viral infections and autoimmunity, as well as a specific set of modules linked to cell compartmentalization and lipid biosynthesis. Systems biology approaches provide a global and comprehensive assessment of host responses to acute bacterial infections, bringing a new understanding of disease pathogenesis and underlying patient heterogeneity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Granito, su minería e industria
Full text link[Resumen] Se trata de la minería y elaboración de una materia prima típica de Galicia. Se hace una rápida revisión de su situación, problemas y posibilidades de cara a un mayor y mejor desarrollo de este sector minero[Abstract] This concerns the mining and processing of a raw material which is typical to Galicia. A revision is made of its situation, problems and possibilities with a view to the further and better development of this mining secto
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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