1,720,984 research outputs found
Radiations adaptatives et diversité écologique des primates au début du Tertiaire
No full textJuste après son apparition au début de l'Ère Tertiaire, l'ordre des Primates connaît plusieurs phases de diversification intenses. Ces épisodes successifs sont à l'origine de l'émergence des groupes actuels. Malgré l'importance de ces évènements, leurs modalités restent peu connues, particulièrement l'importance des facteurs écologiques. En Europe et en Amérique du Nord, la transition Paléocène-Éocène est marquée par un réchauffement climatique majeur. C'est à cette époque que les primates modernes (Euprimates) apparaissent, se dispersent, et se diversifient de manière explosive au cours de l'Éocène. Ce travail a pour objectif de caractériser l'émergence de cette diversité à travers les facteurs écologiques tels que le partage des ressources, les phénomènes de compétition, et les changements paléoenvironnementaux. Dans ce but, l'étude de la structure des dents et des micro-usures laissées par le bol alimentaire permet la reconstruction du régime alimentaire des primates paléogènes (Adapiformes, Omomyiformes, Anthropoidea et Plesiadapiformes), l'un des meilleurs indicateurs de l'écologie d'un animal.En Europe, les premiers euprimates (e.g., Donrussellia [adapiformes]), bien qu'ayant un patron dentaire de type insectivore, étaient majoritairement frugivores et secondairement insectivores. Ils occupaient ainsi des niches distinctes des plésiadapiformes (folivores, frugivores et gommivores). La diversification des euprimates au cours de l'Éocène a conduit à l'augmentation des pressions de compétition au sein des communautés et à l'apparition de spécialisations écologiques. Par exemple, les adapinés, initialement frugivores, ont montré une évolution de leur régime alimentaire par l'intégration de feuilles et d'objets durs.En Asie, l'étude des communautés fossiles a mis en exergue une forte pression de compétition entre les formes de petite taille (éosimiidés, tarsiidés, adapidés), qui avaient tous un régime alimentaire à base de fruits et d'insectes. Les anthropoïdes asiatiques (amphipithècidés) montrent des spécialisations écologiques très singulières avec notamment un régime alimentaire à base d'objets durs. En Afrique, les communautés éocènes témoignent d'une diversité importante, avec la colonisation des niches insectivores (adapiformes), frugivores (adapiformes, strepsirhiniens et anthropoïdes) et folivores (adapiformes, anthropoïdes).Cette étude a mis en exergue la diversité et la variabilité du régime alimentaire qui peut exister pour une espèce donnée (actuelle ou fossile) en fonction des facteurs biotiques (compétition) et abiotiques (environnement, géographie). La comparaison entre les différents continents montre que les primates (adapiformes, omomyiformes et anthropoïdes) n'occupaient pas les mêmes niches écologiques au sein des différentes communautés. Ces différences au niveau du partage des ressources et des phénomènes de compétition se sont répercutées sur la dynamique des différentes radiations.Soon after its appearance at the beginning of the Tertiary, the Primate order underwent several successive episodes of diversification which were the basis for the emergence of the higher taxonomic groups that can be observed in nature today. Despite the importance of these events, little is known regarding the factors that governed them, in particular the importance of the ecological factors involved. The Paleocene-Eocene transition in North America and Europe was marked by a period of major global warming. It was during this time that modern primates (Euprimates) appeared and dispersed before experiencing an explosive diversification throughout the Eocene. This study aims to characterize the emergence of this diversity through the identification of ecological factors, such as environment, resource partitioning and competition. In this framework, the study of dental structure and of dental microwear is used to reconstruct the diet of Paleogene primates (Adapiformes, Omomyiformes, Anthropoidea and Plesiadapiformes), one of the best indicators of the ecology of a given animal. In Europe, although exhibiting a dental morphology better suited to insect-eating, the first euprimates (e.g., Donrussellia [adapiformes]) were fruit-eaters, only supplementing their diet with insects. They mostly occupied different niches to co-occurring plesiadapiforms (leaf-, fruit- and gum-eaters). The diversification of euprimates led to the increasing competition among primate communities and to the apparition of different dietary specializations. For example, Adapines, initially having a diet based on fruit, show a dietary shift by incorporating leaves and harder objects in their diet.In Asia, the study of fossil primate communities has highlighted resource partitioning and competition among small-bodied primates (eosimiids, tarsiids, and adapids), which all had a diet based on fruit and insects. Asian anthropoids (amphipithecids) show some singular ecological specialization towards sclerocarpic foraging.In Africa, Eocene primates show a high diversity, with the colonisation of numerous ecological niches such as insect-eating (adapiformes), fruit-eating (adapiformes, strepsirhines and anthropoids) et leaf-eating (adapiformes, anthropoides).This study highlights dietary diversity and variability which can exist for a given primate (extant or fossil) according to factors which can be biological in nature (i.e., competition) or not (i.e., environment, geography). The comparison between the different continents demonstrates that primates (Adapiformes, Omomyiformes, and Anthropoidea) occupied different niches in different primate communities. These differences in resource partitioning and competition are most probably reflected in the different paths these adaptive radiations took
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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