1,720,965 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Modelling and optimization of novel therapies for HIV and hepatitis C virus infections
No full textCuring infections by HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have remained a challenge for a long time due to their efficient ways of evading host immune responses and therapies. They do so by rapidly mutating their genomes, which prevents their identification by the immune system and compromises the action of drugs and vaccines. In this thesis, we construct mathematical models that help optimize novel intervention strategies that are designed not to succumb to viral mutation-driven failure. In the first part of the thesis, we developed a mathematical model to understand HCV evolution that underlies treatment failure due to the development of drug resistance. Mutant strains resistant to drugs can exist in individuals before the start of therapy but may lie below current assay detection limits. Mathematical models have been developed therefore to estimate the frequencies of such mutants. Current models build on models of HIV infection, which do not accurately capture the evolution of HCV. In particular, unlike HIV, HCV evolution is a multiscale phenomenon, with selection at the intracellular and extracellular levels. The few hundred genomes in each cell and the relatively short infected cell lifespan make intracellular evolution stochastic and subject to strong founder effects. In contrast, the large populations of target cells and free virions render extracellular dynamics deterministic. We developed a novel strategy to bridge these scales. Using a codon-level description of amino acids and the known replicative fitness landscape, we identified the mutational pathways connecting all non-lethal mutations at a chosen locus. Using every codon in these pathways, one at a time, as the codon in the infecting strain, we performed stochastic simulations of intracellular replication, mutation, and selection, and quantified the likelihood of the cell being productively infected and, once infected, the distribution of mutants produced by the cell. Using these quantities as inputs to a deterministic viral kinetics model, we estimated the steady state frequencies of all possible mutants at the chosen locus in an infected individual. Our model yielded the frequency of the mutant RI55K, resistant to the drug telaprevir, in close agreement with experiment. Importantly, our model estimated the frequencies of all the other mutations at the locus, not previously estimated, defining the mutant spectrum. Mutant frequencies below assay detection limits, such as for Y93H, mark hidden escape pathways which our model unravelled. We expect our approach to improve treatment optimization and vaccine design strategies. In the second part, we discuss the role of interferon in improving the current treatments for HCV infection. Previously, a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin was used as treatment for 24-48 weeks and cured ~50% of the patients treated. Current treatments with direct acting antivirals (DAAs) cure nearly all patients with 8- 12 weeks of treatment. Significant efforts are now being made to optimize treatments with DAAs so that cure can be achieved with the least drug exposure and in the shortest possible time. We believe that interferon may have a new role here. Clinical studies present compelling evidence that DAAs perform better in treatment-naive individuals than in individuals who previously failed treatment with interferon, a surprising correlation because interferon and DAAs are thought to act independently. We developed a mathematical model to explore a mechanistic hypothesis underlying this correlation. The hypothesis invokes the action of interferon at the cellular, the individual and the population level. Strong interferon responses prevent the productive infection of cells, reduce viral replication and impede the development of resistance to DAAs in infected individuals, and improve cure rates elicited by DAAs in treated populations. The model develops descriptions of these processes, integrates them into a comprehensive framework, and captures clinical data quantitatively, providing a successful test of the hypothesis. Individuals with strong endogenous interferon responses thus present a promising subpopulation for reducing DAA treatment durations. In the last part, we developed a mathematical model for passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) during HIV infection. Current antiretroviral therapies (ART) for HIV-1 infection control viremia in infected individuals but are unable to eradicate it or achieve sterilizing cure. bNAbs are antibodies (Abs) capable of neutralizing a diverse spectrum of viral variants, rendering immune escape by mutation difficult for HIV-1. They emerge naturally in 10-30 % of HIV-1 infected individuals, but after 2-4 years of infection. When spontaneous Ab generation is inefficient, exogenous Abs can be administered for immediate, but usually temporary, clearance of antigen (Ag). Passive immunization with bNAbs of HIV-1 early in infection was shown recently to elicit long-term viremic control in most SHIV-infected macaques treated, raising hopes of a functional cure of HIV-1 infection. The mechanisms with which short-term exposure to bNAbs resulted in lasting viremic control remained elusive, precluding the rational design of bNAb-based interventions. Here, we employed mathematical modelling coupled with analysis of recent in vivo data to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We found that bNAbs acted via multiple mechanisms: They enhanced antigen uptake, stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and suppressed viremia, limiting CTL exhaustion. When bNAbs were cleared from circulation, viremia rose but in the presence of a primed CTL population, which eventually controlled the infection. Our model fit data quantitatively only when all these effects of bNAbs were considered. Our model identifies optimal bNAb-based interventions and predicts that bNAbs combined with antiretroviral therapy would elicit functional cure also of chronic HIV-1 infection
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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