1,721,652 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Replication Data for: What Motivates Private Foreign Aid? Evidence from Internet-Based Microlending
No full textAlthough private foreign aid has expanded dramatically in recent years, we still lack detailed information on the allocation of those private aid flows. We use a novel approach to examine the funding decisions of individuals with respect to international development assistance. We analyze the speed at which requests from microentrepreneurs in developing countries are fulfilled through a US-based Internet organization that bundles individual contributions and transfers them as interest-free loans to developing countries. Survival analysis finds little evidence for the expectation that private donors behave as rational aid givers, nor do we see private funders mimicking the behaviors of official aid agencies. Rather, private microloans seem principally influenced by humanitarian crises, along with the presence of migrant and diaspora networks from recipient countries. We conclude that international private aid is shaped by social linkages between individual donors and recipients. It can therefore fund areas neglected by traditional foreign aid. As a result, private foreign aid serves, in at least some cases, as a complement to official development assistance
Replication Data for: Can the Poor Organize? Public Goods and Self-Help Groups in Rural India
No full textIn many low- and middle-income countries, the quality of public goods available to the poor is inadequate. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field behavioral experiment. A village-randomized trial involving the establishment of financial “self-help” groups in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups improved villagers' access to and quality of certain critical local public goods, in particular, water. Our evidence suggests that the underlying mechanisms responsible were better information provision through the groups, stronger engagement by members in village governance, and lower coordination costs. Public goods games played in a subset of control and treatment villages four years following the start of the intervention, additionally, indicate that cooperative norms are stronger in villages where self-help groups were present. We find little evidence that membership leads to a convergence of tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional participatory development programs, self-help groups can build durable social capital that can improve government performance in poor communities
Replication Data for: Can the Poor Organize? Public Goods and Self-Help Groups in Rural India
No full textIn many low- and middle-income countries, the quality of public goods available to the poor is inadequate. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field behavioral experiment. A village-randomized trial involving the establishment of financial “self-help” groups in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups improved villagers' access to and quality of certain critical local public goods, in particular, water. Our evidence suggests that the underlying mechanisms responsible were better information provision through the groups, stronger engagement by members in village governance, and lower coordination costs. Public goods games played in a subset of control and treatment villages four years following the start of the intervention, additionally, indicate that cooperative norms are stronger in villages where self-help groups were present. We find little evidence that membership leads to a convergence of tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional participatory development programs, self-help groups can build durable social capital that can improve government performance in poor communities
Replication Data for: What Motivates Private Foreign Aid? Evidence from Internet-Based Microlending
No full textAlthough private foreign aid has expanded dramatically in recent years, we still lack detailed information on the allocation of those private aid flows. We use a novel approach to examine the funding decisions of individuals with respect to international development assistance. We analyze the speed at which requests from microentrepreneurs in developing countries are fulfilled through a US-based Internet organization that bundles individual contributions and transfers them as interest-free loans to developing countries. Survival analysis finds little evidence for the expectation that private donors behave as rational aid givers, nor do we see private funders mimicking the behaviors of official aid agencies. Rather, private microloans seem principally influenced by humanitarian crises, along with the presence of migrant and diaspora networks from recipient countries. We conclude that international private aid is shaped by social linkages between individual donors and recipients. It can therefore fund areas neglected by traditional foreign aid. As a result, private foreign aid serves, in at least some cases, as a complement to official development assistance
Can Russia Complete?
No full textRussian economy has been growing at an
average nominal rate of 6 percent annually for the past
decade. Among the most important factors contributing to its
expansion has been the skyrocketing cost of oil and gas. In
2000, when Vladimir Putin took office, the cost of oil was
approximately $20 a barrel; at the end of his term, it was
five times higher. Meanwhile, the competitiveness of Russian
enterprises has become increasingly fragile because of the
appreciating ruble, climbing resource prices, and rising
wages as well as the exhaustion of Russia's excess
industrial capacity. Observers have called for Russian
authorities to take measures to counterbalance the
nation's increasing economic dependence on natural
resources. Economic diversification can cover a wide number
of issues and involve many challenges, including
entrepreneurship, foreign investment, regional development,
and physical infrastructure. In Russia's case, it comes
down to one thing: ensuring that the manufacturing sector
can compete in the global economy. Russian competitiveness
will not depend on centralized, top-down efforts to pick
winners but on broader policy measures designed both to
improve the investment climate-which affects firms'
incentives to invest productively and create jobs-and to
develop a more competitive, knowledge-based economy. Russian
authorities are seeking to address many of the
country's most important developmental challenges.
Economic diversification will require reducing investment
risks induced by national and regional policies and lowering
barriers to entry for newer, more dynamic, and innovative
firms, specifically by facilitating transfer of land from
municipalities and from older, loss-making firms. It also
will require greater inclusiveness in government decision
making, more transparency regarding government decision
making, and stable legislation at all levels of government.
This book quantifies and benchmarks the relative strengths
of Russian manufacturing and identifies opportunities to
increase its productivity and competitiveness. This volume
focuses on the challenges now facing enterprises in Russia,
highlighting sources of productivity growth and
competitiveness within enterprises, including technological
progress (knowledge absorption and innovation), worker
skills, and the investment climate. After the 1998 crisis,
as gross domestic product rebounded, investment accelerated,
and foreign direct investment increased dramatically,
Russia's recovery surpassed expectations. Yet, a closer
look at national accounts reveals that much of that shift
has produced relative price increases in (non-tradable)
services and full capacity utilization in
industry-indicators more characteristic of a resource
dependent economy than of successful industrial diversification
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Political Constraints and Public Support for Market Reform
Full text linkAs concerns of "reform fatigue" in lower- and middle-income countries have become more widespread, so has the search for ways of boosting support for market-oriented reforms. Although the effects of political institutions on reform results have been extensively analyzed, there has been relatively little investigation of their effects on public opinion. We argue that constitutional and extra-constitutional reforms that place limits on the discretionary authority of public officials and enable voters to monitor, reward, and sanction politicians can enhance the legitimacy of market reforms. We present a voting model with asymmetric information to illustrate that these formal-legal reforms provide a credible signal of reformers' commitments. Using panel data based on public opinion barometers from Eastern Europe and Latin America, we examine the effects of political authority on public support for markets. We find that constraints on the power of the executive branch boost support for markets but that this effect declines as the reform process matures. Copyright 2006, International Monetary Fund
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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