1,720,960 research outputs found
Users’ Privacy Concerns and Attitudes towards Usage-based Insurance: An Empirical Approach
No full textLet there be LITE: design and evaluation of a label for IoT transparency enhancement
No full textWe present a “privacy facts” label, which aims at helping non-experts understand how an Internet of Things (IoT) device collects and handles data. We describe our design methodology, and detail the results of our user study involving 31 participants, assessing the efficacy of the label. The results suggest that the label was perceived positively by the participants, and is a promising solution to help users in making informed decisions
Improving IoT device transparency by means of privacy labels
Full text linkDas Internet der Dinge (engl.: Internet of Things (IoT)) ist ein Oberbegriff für Sensoren, Aktoren und andere Geräte, die über das Internet untereinander oder mit anderen Systemen interagieren können. Diese Technologie hat das Potenzial, unsere Lebensqualität zu verbessern, mehr Komfort zu bieten, die Effizienz bestehender Systeme zu verbessern oder neue Möglichkeiten zu schaffen, die in der Vergangenheit nicht existierten. Fortschritte in der Fertigungstechnik beschleunigen das Wachstum des IoT, wodurch mehr Rechenleistung in kleineren Geräten und zu geringeren Kosten untergebracht werden können. Dadurch wiederum wird der Übergang des IoT in den Massenmarkt beschleunigt.
Dieser Trend hat jedoch auch Nachteile. Mit wachsender Anzahl und Diversität an IoT-Geräten könnte eine größere Menge an Daten von denjenigen Unternehmen kontrolliert werden, die solche Produkte anbieten. Die Daten können potentiell dazu verwendet werden, persönliche Informationen über Nutzerinnen und Nutzer abzuleiten und somit deren Privatsphäre zu untergraben. Das Problem wird durch die verbesserte Konnektivität moderner Systeme verschärft, welche eine schnelle Verbreitung von Daten in der ganzen Welt ermöglicht. Sind die Daten erst einmal in der Welt verteilt, ist es schwer die Daten wieder "in die Büchse der Pandora zurückzudrängen".
Die Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DSGVO) führt Gegenmaßnahmen ein, um diese Datenschutzprobleme zu adressieren. Eine dieser Maßnahmen ist Transparenz, wodurch Nutzerinnen und Nutzer verstehen, wie personenbezogene Daten verarbeitet werden, bevor sie der Weitergabe dieser Informationen zustimmen. In der DSGVO ist jedoch nicht genau festgelegt, wie Unternehmen den Nutzerinnen und Nutzern diese Informationen präsentieren sollten. Unsere Forschung zielt darauf ab, diese Lücke zu schließen.
In dieser Dissertation wird das Problem der IoT-Transparenz mit einem interdisziplinären Ansatz untersucht, bei dem Aspekte der Benutzerfreundlichkeit, Privatsphäre und des rechtlichen Rahmens berücksichtigt werden. Wir schlagen ein Label mit "Privacy-Facts" für die Produktverpackung von IoT-Geräten sowie eine Online-Anwendung vor, die das Label mit Such-, Sortier- und Filterfunktionen ergänzt. Sowohl das Label als auch die Anwendung sind das Ergebnis eines menschenzentriertes Design-Ansatzes. In dieser Arbeit werden die Gründe für die Designentscheidungen, die qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden, welche wir zur Validierung dieser Designs mit den Teilnehmern unserer Studien verwendet haben, sowie die Ergebnisse dieser Evaluierungen vorgestellt.The Internet of Things (IoT) is an umbrella-term that applies to sensors, actuators and other devices that can interact with each other, or with other systems over the Internet. This technology has the potential to improve our quality of life, bringing more convenience, increasing the efficiency of existing systems, or creating new opportunities that did not exist in the past. The growth of IoT is catalyzed by advances in manufacturing techniques, which make it possible to pack more computing power into smaller devices, at a lower cost. This, in turn, accelerates the transition of IoT to the mass-market.
However, this trend has its downsides. As IoT devices grow in number and diversity, large volumes of data can end up under the control of companies that provide such products. The data can potentially be used to infer personal information about users, hence undermine their privacy. The problem is exacerbated by the improved connectivity of modern systems, which facilitates the quick distribution of data around the world, and complicates attempts to "put it back into Pandora's box" once the data are out.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) introduces counter-measures to address these privacy issues. One of these measures is transparency, which requires that users understand how personal data are handled before they consent to sharing such information. However, the GDPR does not state exactly in what way companies should present this information to users, therefore our research aims to close this gap.
This dissertation takes a cross-disciplinary approach while tackling the problem of IoT transparency, and considers its usability, privacy and legal aspects. It proposes a "privacy facts" label for IoT product boxes, and an online interface that augments the label with search, sort and filtering capabilities. Both, the label and the interface are the result of a human-centered design approach. The thesis presents the rationale behind the design choices, the qualitative and quantitative methods we used to validate these designs with the participants of our studies, as well as the results of these evaluations.2022-05-2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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