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Pra Desain Pabrik Metanol dari CO2 Sebagai Produk Samping Produksi LNG
No full textPada industri LNG gas buangan hasil produksi biasanya berupa Acid Gas, dimana gas ini mengandung CO2 dan H2S sebagai bahan yang harus di treatment. Pemanfaatan gas CO2 dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku produksi metanol, dimana metanol merupakan suatu senyawa yang saat ini memiliki peran penting pada ekonomi global sebagai bahan baku yang banyak dibutuhkan di industri kimia. Pada tahun 2020, permintaan metanol global mencatatkan pertumbuhan yang positif yaitu mencapai 102,162 juta. Adapun di Indonesia, melalui Peraturan Menteri ESDM No. 12 tahun 2015 yang menetapkan intensifikasi pemanfaatan Bahan Bakar Nabati sebagai bahan bakar lain juga turut membuka peluang besar untuk industri metanol dalam pemenuhan bahan bakunya. Berdasarkan statement Kementrian Perindustrian melihat metanol dapat dijadikan produk turunan maka pabrik metanol ini layak dijadikan anchor of industry, dengan adanya kebutuhan metanol yang semakin meningkat tiap tahunnya dan produksi dalam negeri Indonesia yang belum mencukupi, maka disusunlah Pra-Desain Pabrik Metanol dari CO2 ini dalam upaya mengurangi ketergantungan impor metanol Indonesia.
Pabrik ini direncanakan beroperasi dengan kapasitas produksi sebesar 537.882 ton/tahun Methanol Grade AA dan berlokasi di Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Adapun proses produksi metanol ini terbagi menjadi empat tahapan utama yaitu proses penghilangan gas pengotor H2S dengan desulfurisasi menggunakan katalis ZnO, proses produksi hidrogen dengan elektrolisis PEM, proses sintesis metanol dengan jenis reaktor proses Lurgi, dan proses pemurnian produk metanol dengan separator dan kolom distilasi. Bahan baku utama yang diperlukan dari proses produksi metanol ini antara lain acid gas, air dan steam.
Pabrik metanol direncanakan didirikan di atas lahan seluas 50,21 ha dan mulai beroperasi pada tahun 2027 dengan umur pabrik selama 20 tahun. Modal yang digunakan dalam pendirian pabrik diasumsikan berasal dari modal sendiri sebesar 60% dan modal yang didapatkan dari pinjaman bank sebesar 40% dengan masa konstruksi selama 2 tahun. Untuk memenuhi kapasitas produksi tahunan metanol dalam pabrik ini, diperlukan nilai OPEX (operating expenditures) sebesar Rp. 5.650.803.181.118, dengan nilai CAPEX (capital expenditures) sebesar Rp. 18.486.187.975.646. Berdasarkan analisis ekonomi yang dilakukan, didapatkan Internal Rate of Return (IRR) sebesar 21,47% dengan bunga bank sebesar 8%. Waktu pengembalian modal atau Pay Out Time (POT) yang dibutuhkan dalam pendirian pabrik ini adalah selama 5 tahun. Berdasarkan perhitungan yang dilakukan juga didapatkan nilai BEP sebesar 40,21%, nilai NPV sebesar Rp. 345.786.206.517.809. Berdasarkan aspek penilaian analisis ekonomi tersebut, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa pabrik metanol dari CO2 sebagai produk samping produksi LNG ini layak untuk didirikan.
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In the LNG industry, the waste gas produced is usually in the form of Acid Gas, where this gas contains CO2 and H2S as materials that must be treated. The utilization of CO2 gas can be used as raw material for methanol production, where methanol is a compound that currently has an important role in the global economy as a raw material that is much needed in the chemical industry. In 2020, global methanol demand recorded positive growth, reaching 102.162 million. As for Indonesia, through the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 12 of 2015 which stipulates the intensification of the utilization of biofuels as other fuels also opens up great opportunities for the methanol industry in fulfilling its raw materials. Based on the statement of the Ministry of Industry, seeing that methanol can be used as a derivative product, this methanol plant deserves to be an anchor of industry, with the increasing need for methanol every year and Indonesia's domestic production which is not sufficient, the Pre-Design of Methanol Plant from CO2 was compiled in an effort to reduce Indonesia's methanol import dependence. This plant is planned to operate with a production capacity of 537,882 tons/year of Methanol Grade AA and is located in Bontang, East Kalimantan. The methanol production process is divided into four main stages, namely the H2S impurity gas removal process with desulfurization using ZnO catalyst, hydrogen production process with PEM electrolysis, methanol synthesis process with Lurgi type process reactor, and methanol product purification process with separator and distillation column. The main raw materials required for the methanol production process include acid gas, water and steam.
The methanol plant is planned to be established on an area of 50.21 ha and start operating in 2027 with a plant life of 20 years. The capital used in the establishment of the plant is assumed to come from own capital of 60% and capital obtained from bank loans of 40% with a construction period of 2 years. To fulfill the annual production capacity of methanol in this plant, the OPEX (operating expenditures) value of Rp. 5,650,803,181,118 is required, with a CAPEX (capital expenditures) value of Rp. 18,486,187,975,646. Based on the economic analysis conducted, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was obtained at 21.47% with a bank interest rate of 8%. The payback time or Pay Out Time (POT) required in the establishment of this plant is 5 years. Based on the calculations carried out, the BEP value is also obtained at 40.21%, the NPV value is Rp. 345,786,206,517,809. Based on the aspects of the economic analysis assessment, it can be said that the methanol plant from CO2 as a by-product of LNG production is feasible to establish
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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