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Multicriteria decision analysis tool for food process design : application to the hot-smoking process
No full textLa conception de procédé agroalimentaire est une activité complexe, caractérisée par la grande diversité des produits et des procédés étudiés, ainsi que par la disparité des contextes de production (artisanale ou industrielle). La conception de systèmes de transformation alimentaire adaptés est animée par d'importants enjeux humains, sanitaires, économiques, environnementaux et même culturels. Dans le cas des Pays du Sud, l'explosion démographique et l'urbanisation croissante impliquent de développer un système de production industriel capable de valoriser des produits issus de savoir-faire traditionnels, tout en répondant à des contraintes de coût et de productivité.Pour prévenir toute perte de temps causée par des analyses de type « essai-erreur », et afin d'éviter des coûts de développement superflus, il existe des outils spécifiques à l'analyse décisionnelle multicritères (MCDA) pouvant être déployé dès les phases préliminaires de la conception. En particulier, il est possible d'analyser le potentiel et les limites technologiques d'un concept défini dans un contexte donné, par l'analyse de l'ensemble de solutions les plus performantes, dites Pareto-optimales. Ces solutions se distinguent par les valeurs de leurs variables de conception, qui sont autant de degrés de liberté pour le dimensionnement du concept (géométrie, matériaux, conditions opératoires).Notre cas d'étude concerne l'évaluation d'un concept de fumage à chaud à plaques radiantes, pour la production de poisson fumé, traditionnellement consommé en Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest. En effet, avant de prétendre à la diffusion de cette technologie déjà brevetée, il faut s'assurer que le procédé puisse satisfaire des objectifs de production et de performances énergétiques, tout en maintenant une qualité du produit satisfaisante. Ainsi, un outil d'optimisation multiobjectif spécifique a été développé en se basant sur la modélisation du comportement du procédé. Une première étude expérimentale a permis de construire un modèle de séchage du poisson dans des conditions d'air variables (température, vitesse et humidité), qui représente à la fois les flux d'évaporation et les flux liés aux écoulements gravitaires de graisses et d'eau. Dans un second temps, un outil de simulation existant a été amélioré afin de représenter des phénomènes ayant un impact significatif sur les performances du procédé, tels que l'aéraulique des fumées, le recyclage de l'air et la régulation thermique. Ainsi, un modèle d'observation a été établi. Il permet de prédire le comportement de différentes solutions possibles, définies par huit variables de conception, et d'évaluer leurs performances sur la base de six variables d'observation.Dans un dernier volet, la formalisation des préférences et de la connaissance experte du procédé permet d'interpréter les performances en termes de désirabilités (satisfaction), qui sont agrégées en un indice de satisfaction global (fonction objectif) par un principe de précaution. Un algorithme génétique permet alors de trouver une solution optimale qui maximise cette fonction objectif, en explorant l'espace des solutions possibles de manière combinatoire. Cette démarche de conception a été fructueuse car elle a permis de proposer un dimensionnement permettant d'obtenir des performances très satisfaisantes. Il a aussi été possible de proposer des améliorations ciblées pour redéfinir le concept actuel du fumoir à plaques. Par ailleurs, il est à noter que le modèle de comportement peut facilement être réadapté pour d'autre type de produits. Dans la perspective d'étendre l'utilisation de cette démarche à d'autres cas d'étude, un effort devra être mené pour la collecte de données fonctionnelles issues de l'expertise.Food process design is a complex activity, given the wide diversity of existing product and processes, and the plurality of production contexts. Designer must meet the requirements derived from the critical stakes from human, sanitarian, economic, environmental and cultural point of views. In southern countries, the rapid growth of population drives the need of more industrial processes able to valorize traditional products.The savings of development time and extra-expenses are mainly determined by the quality of design choices from the early stage of the designing process, called embodiment design. Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques are used in this purpose, which enable to evaluate and criticize any technological concept. In a specific context, it is possible to generate the Pareto-set of a concept, which is composed of the most efficient possible alternatives. Indeed, every design alternative is defined by some design (or decision) variables which are the degree of freedom for the dimensioning of the system considered. Our case study focuses on a technological innovation to perform hot-smoking using radiant plates (for sanitarian purpose). It is aimed to be developed for the production of traditional hot-smoked catfish widely consumed in West and Central Africa. This is a multicriteria design problem since many objectives have to be satisfied, and concern the product quality, production and energetic performances.In a first work, the mass reduction of catfish dried in hot air conditions was modeled from empirical measurements. In particular, this model takes into account the influence of the drying air conditions (Temperature, Velocity and Relative Humidity) on the calculation of the mass fluxes of evaporation and drips. After that, a global simulation model of the radiant plate hot-smoking process was developed from a previous work. Some key phenomena were described (pressure losses, air recycling, thermal regulation) as they could strongly impact the process performances. The resulting observation model allows predicting the performances of any design alternative defined by a set of 8 design variables.In a final work, expert knowledge and preference were mathematically introduced in a multiobjective optimization tool, meaning some desirability functions. Therefore, every performance variable is converted into desirability indices (traducing the level of satisfaction) and then aggregated into a single global desirability index (thus defining a global objective function). The optimal design of the concept is found using a genetic algorithm.This multiobjective optimization method enabled to find very satisfactory design solution for the radiant plate hot smoking process. More to the point, the analysis of a wide range of Pareto-optimal solutions enabled to better understand what were the strengths and weaknesses, so it was possible to suggest some targeted improvement to the current radiant plate smoking technology. Also, it is noticeable that the current simulation model can be easily adapted to other products. For the purpose of a generalization of the use of such multiobjective methods for the design of food processes, it has been pointed out that efforts should be made to gather expert criteria other relevant functional data
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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