28 research outputs found
Digestibility and functionality of black soldier fly larvae meal in Atlantic salmon feeds
No full textFordøyeligheten og funksjonaliteten til delvis avfettet mel av svarte soldatfluelarver (BSFL) er studert i fôret til atlantisk laks (Salmo salar). Insektmel er et lovende alternativ til konvensjonelle fôringredienser på grunn av deres gode protein- og aminosyre (AA)-sammensetning.
Det første målet i denne avhandlingen (Artikkel I) fokuserte primært på å evaluere protein- og aminosyrefordøyeligheten hos oppdrettet atlantisk laks ved hjelp av in vivo- og in vitro-metoder. Laks- og pattedyrenzymer ble vurdert for å studere in vitro løselighet av proteiner og AA i BSF-mel. BSFL-mel hadde en fordøyelig verdi for råprotein >85% og en protein løselighet på 24%. Fordøyeligheten ble rapportert som >80% for de fleste AA, og in vitro-løselighetsverdiene for AA i BSFL-mel varierte mellom 10-44%. Det ble observert høyere løselighet for AA med kommersielle enzymer enn med fiskeenzymer. Videre forsøkte studien å sammenligne in vivo- og in vitro-metodene for å vurdere egnetheten til in vitro-metodene. Det ble observert en høy korrelasjon (dog ikke signifikant) mellom in vitro- og in vivo-fordøyelighet av proteiner i BSFL-mel, men ikke på nivået av AA.
Deretter undersøkte Artikkel II prestasjon, overlevelse, helse og velferd hos oppdrettet atlantisk laks under produksjonsrelevante forhold. Forsøket ble utført i åpne merder i sjø, eksponert for naturlige stressfaktorer og dermed lignende realistiske forhold på en kommersiell gård. Fisken vokste fra ~ 0,2 kg til høstingsstørrelse ~4,5-5 kg. Atlantisk laks som ble fôret med BSFL-mel ved 5% hadde redusert plasmakortisol under kronisk stress (patogeninfeksjon og miljøstressfaktorer), men uten diettvirkning under avlusningsstress. Videre forbedret BSFL 5% dietten også blodprofilen og endret egenskapene til hudens mukosa. Imidlertid ble det observert økt respons av proinflammatoriske gener i den samme dietten, noe som understreker aktivering av den medfødte immunresponsen hos laks som ble fôret med BSFL-mel. Videre hadde BSFL-basert diett ingen negativ effekt på leverfunksjonen; i stedet reduserte den plasmakonsentrasjonen av aspartataminotransferase og alaninaminotransferase hos laks fôret med BSFL 5%. Dermed hadde inkludering av BSFL-mel i kosten ved 5% en positiv immunmodulerende effekt på atlantisk laks.
Artikkel III undersøkte de diettrelaterte effektene av BSFL-mel på vurdering av filetkvalitet hos oppdrettet atlantisk laks under produksjonsrelevante forhold. Generelt sett kompromitterte inkluderingen av BSFL-mel i dietten opp til 10% ikke fysisk, kjemisk, næringsmessig eller sensorisk attributter for fileten. Det ble ikke observert effekter av diett på filetfarge eller -tekstur. Imidlertid ble det lagt merke til at uavhengig av dietten hadde laksefileten en høyere gulfargeindeks, antatt å skyldes lagringsvarighet av fileten. Videre påvirket BSFL 10% dietten de ernæringsmessige kvalitetsindikatorene til laks, selv om det var marginalt. Det ble også observert høyere nivå av sink og jern i laksfileten fôret med BSFL 10%. Sensorisk analyse utført på laksefileten viste at en diett med BSFL ikke påvirket betydelig den sensoriske kvaliteten.
Denne avhandlingen forsøkte også å undersøke bærekraften til insektbaserte laksefôr basert på karbonavtrykk. Analysen viste at dietten basert på BSFL hadde et lavere karbonavtrykk (CO2e per kg fôr) sammenlignet med planteprotein kilder (soyaproteinkonsentrat (SPC) og guarmel). Ved å bruke CO2-ekvivalentverdiene for SPC, guarpotein og insektmel, kunne vi oppnå en relativ reduksjon på 0,15 til 0,35 kg CO2-ekvivalent per kg fôr. Dette tilsvarer en reduksjon på 6-15% i CO2-utslipp sammenlignet med 2,3 kg CO2-ekvivalent per kg fôr i dagens norske lakseoppdrett. Dermed kan erstatning opp til 10% redusere karbonutslippet fra fôr, noe som deretter kan forbedre den generelle bærekraften til laksefôr med hensyn til karbonutslipp.
Totalt sett forbedret diettinntak av BSFL-mel ved 5% inkludering de medfødte immunresponsene, og opp til 10% i fôret til atlantisk laks er mulig uten betydelige negative effekter på fordøyelighet, helse og filetkvalitet.The digestibility and functionality of partially defatted black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal has been studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeds. Insect meals are a promising alternative to mainstream feed ingredients due to their good protein and amino acid (AA) composition.
The first aim of this thesis (Paper I) primarily focused on evaluating the protein and amino acid digestibility in farmed Atlantic salmon using in vivo and in vitro methods. Salmon and mammalian enzyme sources were considered for studying the in vitro protein and AA solubility of BSFL meal. The BSFL meal had a crude protein digestible value >85% and protein solubility of 24%. The digestibility reported >80% for most of the AA and in vitro AA solubility values for BSFL meal ranged between 10-44%. A higher solubility for AA was observed with commercial enzymes than fish enzymes. Furthermore, the study attempted a comparison between the in vivo and in vitro methods to assess the suitability of in vitro methods. A high correlation (though not significant) between in vitro and in vivo protein digestibility in BSFL meal was observed using salmon enzyme but not at the AA level.
Subsequently, Paper II investigated the performance, survival, health and welfare of farmed Atlantic salmon under production relevant conditions. The trial was performed in open sea cages, exposed to natural stressors resembling a realistic commercial farm condition. The fish grew from ~ 0.2 kg to harvest size ~4.5-5 kg. Atlantic salmon fed BSFL meal at 5% reduced the plasma cortisol in salmon under chronic stress (pathogen infestation and environmental stressors) but without dietary effect during delousing stress. Furthermore, BSFL 5% diet also improved the blood profile, and altered the skin mucosal characteristics. Nevertheless, an increased response of pro-inflammatory genes was observed in the same dietary group, underlining an activation of innate immune response in salmon fed dietary BSFL meal. Moreover, the BSFL-based diet did not have negative effect on liver function, instead reduced the plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase when fed BSFL 5%. Thus, inclusion of dietary BSFL at 5% had a positive immunomodulatory effect in Atlantic salmon.
Paper III investigated the dietary effects of BSFL meal on fillet quality of farmed Atlantic salmon from paper II. In general, inclusion of dietary BSFL meal up to 10% did not compromise the fillet physical, chemical, nutritional or sensory attributes. No dietary effect was observed on fillet color and texture. However, it was noticed that salmon fillet irrespective of dietary group had a higher yellowness index which was assumed to be due to fillet storage duration. Furthermore, BSFL 10% diet influenced the nutritional quality indices of salmon, though it was marginal. Also, a higher level of zinc and iron was observed in the salmon fillet fed BSFL 10%. The sensory analysis conducted on salmon fillet showed that dietary BSFL did not significantly affect the overall ‘liking’ of fillet.
This thesis also attempts to investigate the sustainability of insect-based salmon feeds based on carbon footprint. The analysis showed that BSFL-based diet had a lower carbon footprint (CO2e per kg feed), when replaced plant protein sources (soy protein concentrate (SPC) and guar meal). Using the CO2 equivalent values for SPC, guar protein and insect meal we could achieve a relative reduction of 0.15 to 0.35kg CO2 equivalent per kg feed. This corresponds to a reduction of 6-15% in CO2 emissions relative to 2.3kg CO2 equivalent per kg feed in present Norwegian salmon farming. Thus, replacement up to 10% can reduce the carbon emission contributed from feed which can subsequently improve the overall sustainability of salmon feed in terms of carbon emissions.
Overall, dietary inclusion of BSFL meal at 5% inclusion improved the innate immune responses and up to 10% in Atlantic salmon feed is possible without significant negative effects on digestibility, health and fillet quality.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Modeling And Simulation Of Future Multi-User Communication System Including Capacity-Driven Array Synthesis And Beamforming
No full textWith the increasing demand for network services and a growing number of users, 5G communication systems have stringent requirements to fulfill. Due to this reason, 5G systems should employ capacity-oriented base station antenna arrays and beamforming techniques. In this regard, multibeam antenna systems have gained immense attention. Currently, there is a missing link between antenna engineering and communication system design. Traditionally, antenna array design focused on optimizing free space propagation parameters like gain, directivity, sidelobe levels, etc. However, in order to achieve maximum network capacity, antenna array and beamforming techniques should consider a realistic system model and propagation environment. In this thesis work, we bridge the gap between antenna engineering and communication system design by proposing a multiuser communication system model that considers channel modeling, modulation, and RF aspects. Further, we use this model to assess the user performance in terms of Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and Bit Error Rate (BER) for various base station antenna configurations and user positions. The results obtained showed that using an irregular antenna array at the base station with 64 elements shows an improvement in the performance of the users. With the presented simulation results, the system engineers can design efficient antenna arrays at the base station to achieve good performance on the millimeter wave frequency bands
Fabrication Of Butterfly Pea Flower Anthocyanin-Incorporated Colorimetric Indicator Film Based On Gelatin/Pectin For Monitoring Fish Freshness
No full textNovel visual intelligent pH-indicator film was prepared from the eggshell membrane- gelatin, pectin, and anthocyanin pigment from butterfly pea flower (BP) (Clitoria ternatea). It was used as a real-time pH indicator for predicting food freshness. Eggshells are useful biowaste, gelatin has been extracted from the eggshell membrane and was used for fabricating the film. The Anthocyanin content of BP extract was 198.3 mg g−1. The film's surface morphology and chemical nature were estimated using a Scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction technique. The film was pH responsive and exhibited color variation ranging from shades of red, purple, blue, green, and yellow at different pH (1-13). The applicability of the developed pH- indicator film was studied on fresh Tilapia fish by monitoring its deterioration for a specific time period. The film showed a visible color change after seven days of storage at 4ºC from dark blue, bluish-grey to olive, and deep green. Change in the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content and pH change had an effect on the color response of the film. The findings demonstrated that the fabricated pH indicator film proved to be pH sensitive and could be used to monitor fish freshness
Evaluation of plant probiotic performance of Pseudomonas sp. encapsulated in alginate supplemented with salicylic acid and zinc oxide nanoparticles
No full textConstraining extra space dimensions using precision molecular spectroscopy
No full text9 págs.; 1 fig.; 1 tab.; 7th International Workshop DICE2014 Spacetime – Matter – Quantum Mechanics; Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 3.0Highly accurate measurements of quantum level energies in molecular systems
provide a test ground for new physics, as such effects could manifest themselves as minute shifts
in the quantum level structures of atoms and molecules. For the lightest molecular systems,
neutral molecular hydrogen (H2, HD and D2) and the molecular hydrogen ions (H+2, HD+ and
D+2), weak force effects are several orders weaker than current experimental and theoretical
results, while contributions of Newtonian gravity and the strong force at the characteristic
molecular distance scale of 1 ˚A can be safely neglected. Comparisons between experiment and
QED calculations for these molecular systems can be interpreted in terms of probing large
extra space dimensions, under which gravity could become much stronger than in ordinary
3-D space. Under this assumption, using the spectra of H2 we have derived constraints on
the compactification scales for extra dimensions within the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali
(ADD) framework, and constraints on the brane separation and bulk curvature within the
Randall-Sundrum (RS-I and RS-II) frameworks. Published under licence by IOP Publishing LtdThe author is partially
supported by funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Research
Project FIS2012-38816, and by the Project CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010, Programme CPAN
(CSD2007-00042).Peer Reviewe
Batch-to batch variation in nutrient digestbility of black soldier fly larvae meals in rainbow trout
No full textThe aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of four batches of black soldier fly (BSF) meal, named BSF1, BSF2, BSF3 and BSF3, produced by the same company over one year, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). To assess nutrients and amino acids ADCs, each insect meal was mixed with a high-quality reference diet in a 30:70 ratio on as is basis, including celite as inert marker, and pelleted. The reference diet was also used as control. The ADCs were calculated based on the data collected and determined during an in vivo experiment. A total of 240 fish were randomly divided into 250-L cylindroconical tanks supplied in flow-through open and Choubert systems (3 replicates/treatment). Data were analysed by One-Way ANOVA (SPSS V20.0.0.; P≤0.05). Globally, the four BSF meals showed a high ADC value, between 82.6 and 100%. No statistically significant differences were observed in the ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy, while some differences were observed in the amino acid profile (P0.05). Despite the good digestibility of nutrients for all the insect mealsthe implementation of standardized production is important to have a standardize BSF meal capable of meeting market demands.publishedVersio
Salinity induced changes in the progression of water, ion and nutrient fluxes along the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar)
No full textWater ingestion in fish increases with both water salinity and feeding. However, it is unclear whether, during feeding, water ingestion is intended to aid chyme liquefaction in the stomach or to maintain the osmotic homeostasis within the body of the fish. We investigated the effects of increasing water salinity (0, 10, 20, 35 ppt) on the progression of water, ion and nutrient fluxes in the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar) fed a commercial-like diet. Furthermore, the effect of water salinity on blood pH, plasma osmolality and ions was investigated. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Chyme was collected from 4 gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments (stomach, proximal, middle and distal intestine) and analysed for dry matter, pH, osmolality, crude protein and mineral content. Water and electrolyte fluxes, kinetic of digestion and faecal digestibility were measured using yttrium oxide (Y2O3) as an inert marker. We found that between 0 and 35 ppt chyme dry matter decreased by 1.6% and 4.8% in the stomach and proximal intestine, respectively. Chyme pH was not affected by water salinity in the stomach, but it increased linearly (p < 0.001) with salinity in all intestinal segments. Chymeosmolality increased linearly (p < 0.001) with salinity in the stomach and it decreased in all intestinal segments. Water fluxes were similar among salinities in the stomach, but they increased nearly fivefold (6.2 versus 27.3 ml g− 1 ingested DM) in the proximal intestine between 0 ppt and 35 ppt. An efflux of monovalent ions (Na+ and K+) increased linearly (p < 0.001) with salinity in the proximal intestine. An efflux of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) increased curvilinearly (p < 0.001) with salinity in the middle intestine. Plasma osmolality and ion levels increased with salinity. Crude protein digestibility and protease activity decreased significantly with water salinity in the intestine. Our study highlights that when Atlantic salmon moves from freshwater to higher water salinity environments, drinking of saltwater does not interfere with hydration of feed in the stomach, but instead bypasses to the proximal intestine to aid in osmoregulatory water uptake. Therefore, we suggest that water ingestion in seawater fish is intended for osmoregulation rather than to aid digestion by liquefying chyme in the stomach.publishedVersio
Mixed leaf meal supplemented with exogenous enzyme and limiting amino acids can completely replace DORB (de-oiled rice bran) in the diet of
No full textVarious single leaf meal can substitute costly de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in farm made feed for carps. However, the use of mixed leaf meal (LM) in fish feed is not reported yet. Therefore, Vigna mungo, Ipomoea aquatica and Hygrophila spinosa leaf meals were blended in an equal proportion to prepare LM. DORB was the major energy source in control diet (C) and LM substituted 50% and 100% of DORB in LM20 and LM40 experimental diets, respectively. In addition, control diet (C), LM20 and LM40 diets were supplemented with limiting amino acids and exogenous carbohydrases and denoted as CE, LM20E and LM40E, respectively. Labeo rohita fingerlings were fed till satiation for 60 days. Fish fed with LM20E diet exhibited maximum growth rates and feed conversion (p 0.05). Amylase and aminotransferase activities were positively related with growth indices (p 0.05) while lower superoxide dismutase activities was observed in LM fed groups (p < 0.05). The present study concluded that LM up to 400 g kg–1 could be incorporated as complete DORB replacer in L. rohita diet, however, 200 g kg–1 LM supplemented with 0.98 g L-lysine kg–1 and 1 g exogenous enzyme kg–1 registered the best growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion ratio, physio-metabolic responses and hematological status
