28 research outputs found
A Comparative Criticism of the “Shadow” Archetype in the Poems of Forough Farrokhzad and Sylvia Plat
Get PDFIntroduction One of the important fields of comparative literature is the interdisciplinary studies such as psychological criticism of literary works. This criticism expresses and compares the states of mind and personality structure of artists of different countries with different cultures. Among the important subjects in this criticism is the archetypal criticism which looks at similarities and differences of literary works of different countries through an introspective and psychological view. In this regard, one of the important archetypes is the shadow archetype. This archetype is the animal and inferior part of human personality which includes all unethical, lustful and forbidden desires and activities. According to Young’s theory, within the evolution and individualation process and in movement from shadow toward oneself, the ego should be able to pass the negative specifications of shadow such as pride, lust, greed, covetousness and etc. in order to reach himself. However, the shadow archetype has also positive aspect. Excitement, creativity, creation and many of natural instincts are positive aspects of shadow which the human needs them for life continuation. Whereas, when the poets sing the poem, they are connected to the unconscious mind and represent its contents to the audiences, investigation of archetypes such as shadow archetype is a way to recognize the hidden dimensions of their personalities. In this article, the poems of two poets, Forough Farokhzad and Sylvia Plath, have been investigated and discussed from this viewpoint. Many similarities and little differences of personality and lifestyle of these two poets led to occurrence of similar manifestations of shadow archetype in their poems. 2.Methodology This research has been formed based on American school of comparative literature. This school believes that the similarities of literary works are raised from the common human spirit. In this research, author has investigated and compared the shadow archetype in the poems of Forough Farokhzad and Sylvia Plath by an analytical and descriptive method. The author, by library method and analysis of motifs such as love, pleasure, disappointment, idealism and thinking about death which are the aspects of shadow archetype, has come to this conclusion that the poems of these two poets, although in the same time period but with far distance and unawareness of each others, have various similarities solely based on the common human spirit. 3.Discussion In this article, the manifestations of shadow archetype are investigated and compared in the poems of Forough Farokhzad and Sylvia Plath. These two poets sang the poems approximately within the same time period but in different geographies.Forough Farokhzad is one of the pioneers of Nimaeian Poetry (modern poetry) and one of the first famous persons of modernism in Iranian poetry. Living in a male-dominated society and experience of weak and unstable emotional relations have given a special courage to Forough so that she, in addition to break the old poetic frames,casts doubt on old laws and traditions of life. Sylvia Plath is an american poet and writer who is one of the leading woman in american literature for singing the confessional poem. Bitter and hard life style of Sylvia in family and strict and male-dominated society is evident in each line of her writings.These two poets, probably due to the extreme feeling of guilty, have unconsciously followed the shadow archetype in their books. Sometimes, they have used the word of shadow directly and sometimes indirectly as a bird or woman with an ambiguous and fictitious face. Investigation and comparison of these aspects is a way toward the unconscious inside of these two poets and also show the social and cultural similarities and differences in Iranian and American society during living and singing of these two poets. 4.Conclusion Investigation and comparison of shadow archetype in the poems of Farokhzad and Plath not only show the hidden angles of their personalities but also represent the space of their family and society to some extent.Lack of affection in childhood and, more important, an unsuccessful marriage, caused that the said both poets always wish the love and affection. This point led to plenty use of shadow in their poetries in the concepts of lust and hedonism. Lack of sympathy, experience of violence and also frequent social failures represent another face of shadow archetype namely sadness and sorrow with this difference that the sadness and sorrow of the Forough in her first poetic duration are the sadness and sorrow of a young and emotional girl and it took a while for Forough to express the human deep sorrow. But Sylvia Plath tied her personal sorrow with human sorrow in her first poems with mythological and symbolic language.Shadow in the concept of nullity and disappointment has been used very much in the poems of two poets which rose from their failures and frustrations. Shadow archetype as the symbol of humiliation and disability has different usage in the poems of Farokhzad and Plath. Feeling of humiliation in Forough’s poem is a result of an Iranian literary tradition namely the obeisance of loving poet against the beloved but the feeling of humiliation in the poem and prose of Sylvia is very deep and indicates one personality specification.Other aspects of this archetype such as fear, anger and violence are more obvious in Sylvia’s poems. This issue although indicates her approximate extroversion in comparison with Forough but represents her harsher family and society space.Generally, Sylvia Plath, with using more aspects of shadow archetype, achieves complete cognition of that archetype and reconciles with that better. However, in Forough’s poem, the active aspects of shadow archetype are less used. This point not only shows the approximate stillness and calmness of Forough’s life in comparison with Sylvia but also it can represent the inherent and introverted modesty of the eastern poet. This issue caused that the Forough Farokhzad, in despite of plenty attempts, is not successful in reconciling with shadow and a kind of ambiguity, restlessness and anxiety encompass her life and poem
Management of a Viable Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: A Case Report
No full textThe incidence of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP), which was extremely rare till recent times, has been rising steadily. We have more of such cases being published in medical literature now. A 38-year-old woman with a past history of previous three cesarean sections presented with five weeks pregnancy and complaints of bleeding per vaginum associated with mild lower abdominal discomfort. The diagnosis of CSP with a live fetus within the gestational sac was made on a transvaginal ultrasound examination and later confirmed with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The management involved injecting potassium chloride into the gestational sac and a combination of local and systemic methotrexate administration. The patient was followed-up by monitoring the beta human chorionic gonadotropin level until it reached non pregnant level and followed-up with scan and MRI until complete resolution of the pregnancy sac. Due to the rarity of this condition, there are no specific guidelines available for its management
Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in female breast cancer incidence and mortality in Iran: A Bayesian spatial analysis of registry data.
Get PDFBackgroundIn Iran, trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality have generally been monitored at national level. The purpose of this study is to examine province-level disparities in age-standardised breast cancer incidence versus mortality from 2000 to 2010 and their association with socioeconomic status.MethodsIn this study, data from Iran's national cancer and death registry systems, and covariates from census and household expenditure surveys were used. We estimated the age-standardised incidence and mortality rates in women aged more than 30 years for all 31 provinces in the consecutive time intervals 2000-2003, 2004-2007 and 2008-2010 using a Bayesian spatial model.ResultsMean age-standardised breast cancer incidence across provinces increased over time from 15.0 per 100,000 people (95% credible interval 12.0,18.3) in 2000-2003 to 39.6 (34.5,45.1) in 2008-2010. The mean breast cancer mortality rate declined from 10.9 (8.3,13.8) to 9.9 (7.5,12.5) deaths per 100,000 people in the same period. When grouped by wealth index quintiles, provinces in the highest quintile had higher levels of incidence and mortality. In the wealthiest quintile, reductions in mortality over time were larger than those observed among provinces in the poorest quintile. Relative breast cancer mortality decreased by 16.7% in the highest quintile compared to 10.8% in the lowest quintile.ConclusionsBreast cancer incidence has increased over time, with lower incidence in the poorest provinces likely driven by underdiagnoses or late-stage diagnosis. Although the reported mortality rate is still higher in wealthier provinces, the larger decline over time in these provinces indicates a possible future reversal, with the most deprived provinces having higher mortality rates. Ongoing analysis of incidence and mortality at sub-national level is crucial in addressing inequalities in healthcare systems and public health both in Iran and elsewhere
Corresponding Author Comparison of Regression Pedotransfer Functions and Artificial Neural Networks for Soil Hydraulic Properties Simulation
No full textABSTRACT Simulation of soil hydraulic properties is a suitable method for saving time and cost spent for direct measurement. This research comprises regression pedotransfer functions (RegPTFs) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for estimation of available water capacity (AWC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s ). First AWC and Ks data of 221 soil samples from clay soils (clay>40%) of Guilan Province were collected and %silt, %clay, %sand, bulk density and %organic carbon values were determined. The data were spilt randomly into a calibration data subset (187 samples) and validation data subset (34 samples). Regression pedotransfer functions was performed by stepwise method and for establishing ANNs we used Marquardt-levenburg training algorithm and 3-layer perceptron structure with 6 neuron in one hidden layer. Regression functions for K s was Ks= -3.288 + 15.168BD -0.198%C + 0.531%OC included with easily available parameters: bulk density (BD), %clay (C) and %organic carbon (OC) with R 2 =0.972 and AWC%= -17.830 + 0.974%C with R 2 =0.885 for available water capacity. For determination of best ANNs model, we used three input pattern: SSC (sand, silt and clay), CBDOC (clay, bulk density and organic carbon) and SSCBDOC (sand, silt, clay, bulk density and organic carbon). Result showed that artificial neural networks with CBDOC input pattern with R 2 = 0.98 and R 2 = 0.91 for Ks and AWC respectively, had most accurate prediction. With comparison of ANN with CBDOC input pattern and regression pedotransfer functions, we found that ANNs with CBDOC input pattern had higher R 2 and Lower RMSR (root mean square of residual) and hence ANNs could estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity and available water capacity more accurately
A Bakhtinian Reading of Selected Non-Fiction Works By Henry David Thoreau
Get PDFOne of the most provoking questions raised by contemporary literary criticism is whether the “self” is identifiable through the dialogues and monologues of the characters or narrator of a given literary work. This study explores Henry David Thoreau‟s Walden (1854) and A Week on Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849), as selected descriptive narratives of American Transcendentalism to identify how the
persona of the author is revealed through his internal dialogues, inner speeches and meditations. This study adopts the theoretical premises of Mikhail Bakhtin‟s
“Dialogism” and by a close reading of the chosen texts tries to unravel the dialogical possibilities inherent in the texts between the self and the actual or potential others. With the close study of the narrative voice, its tone, intention and style, two other concepts of Bakhtin‟s theory, “polyphony” and “carnivalesque” are also detected. This study investigates aesthetic and ideological statements of the narrator of Walden and A Week to illustrate the presence of Nature as another possible addressee and indicates the dialogical communication of the self and Nature. The cultural heritage in the context of American society of Thoreau‟s time is also examined in order to identify the roots of the broken ties between “self” and the “society,” and to shed light on the individual and social “self” of the persona of the narrator and its social concern in criticizing the norms of the society. In this way, different facets of Thoreau‟s self in representation of his different voices that is depicted in the tone, diction and subject matter would be unraveled and the possibility of “Dialogical Self” within the figure of the author himself is disclosed: Thoreau the Transcendentalist, the Historian, the Naturalist, the Poet, Observer, Recorder and Reporter of Nature and on the other hand, Thoreau the Socialist, Reformist, Satirist, Poet-prophet. This study concludes that the selected non-fiction works are not just monological poetic meditations of their author, but polyphonic contemplation of
internal voices carnivalizing the social ideologies of their time
Virtual fictional/factual positioning as an approach to the postmodern sense of the self and its dialogical dimensions in Paul Auster's selected novels
Get PDFIn this thesis I coin the concept of “Virtual Fictional/ Factual Positioning” (VFP), in the dialogical relationship of the author and the hero, and define it as a methodological approach to the analysis of literary narratives. VFP originates from contributions to psychological studies by Hubert Hermans in Dialogical Self Theory (DST) and the dialogical view of the relationship of author and hero in aesthetic forms by Mikhail Bakhtin in literary studies. By virtue of its interdisciplinary nature, VFP evaluates self-narratives and identifies the possible dialogical participation and coalition of the protagonists’ positions as “I-as-artist/ novelist” and “I-as-the-hero-of-my-story” amongst other positions in the novel. Nearly two decades after the emergence and development of Dialogical Self Theory (DST), the literature indicates that far too little attention has been paid to the study of literary texts in the light of it. The present research carries out a qualitative study of three selected novels by the American novelist Paul Auster (1947–), Oracle Night (2003), Travels in the Scriptorium (2006) and Man in the Dark (2008), to examine polyphonization of the self in the context of selected postmodern novels. The protagonists of these novels are themselves authors who create a hero in the paratextual story within the main story; therefore, these protagonists/ authors are very central to this dialogical study of the self. This study addresses the following questions: (1) whether the postmodern selves of the protagonists of the selected novels are polyphonized dialogical voices or are merely a cacophony of various thoughts with fewer logical and no dialogical qualities; (2) whether the hero created by the protagonist/ novelist is a possible position among his other internal and external positions.
VFP examines virtual fictional and factual positioning in the confrontation between author and hero and then in the encounter between the author’s central position and a probable developing one. Consequently, the “core act of coalition” in VFP occurs within the intrinsic and simultaneously inclusive relatedness of the author and his hero’s selves’ domains. For the purpose of the present qualitative research, Hermans’ Personal Position Repertoire (PPR) method is adopted to identify, cluster and analyze I-positions. In analyzing the self-repertoire of the protagonists/ authors, the promoter and meta-position and their significant role in their lives are determined. Besides, by making use of Hermans’ questions to elicit valuations, different types of valuations are traced and discussed in the self-narratives of the characters. By doing so, this research aims to bring to the literary research community: (1) a revived interest in Bakhtin and his writings on the author/ hero relation; and (2) a reformulation of DST in the act of self-reflection in light of (1).
The findings of this study demonstrate that in order to get meaning out of their supposedly meaningless lives, these protagonists/ authors are in an active dialogical relationship with their own selves – remembering, lamenting and articulating their past lives. Moreover, the results accurately establish that with reference to the postmodern self of these literary characters, the “freedom-seeker” functions as a meta-position that helps the protagonists/ authors to form a convincing dialogical space in their self-repertoire. Moreover, the “I-as-the-storyteller” or “artist/ novelist” position is identified as the promoter position. Thus, under the influence of a dynamic course of positioning and repositioning, the postmodern self of the protagonists/ authors in the selected novels demonstrates a significant degree of dialogical self by letting go of their past, dealing with their present and generating a perspective for their future – and as a result responding to their postmodern situation in quite a dialogical manner
The Impact of Task Complexity on Cognitive Processes of L2 Writers and Writing Quality: The Case of Writing Expertise, L1, and Lexical Retrieval
No full textAbstractThis study scrutinized the effect of task complexity on cognitive processes of L2 writers with respect to L2 writing expertise, speed of lexical retrieval, L1, and text quality. Sixty TEFL students with different writing expertise completed a computerized Written Productive Translation, as well as three L1 and L2 argumentative writing tasks, manipulated in regard to resource-dispersing dimensions followed-up by retrospective questionnaires. The texts were analysed in terms of accuracy, fluency, and syntactic complexity. Running MANOVA indicated that task complexity had no effect on fluency, accuracy, and syntactic complexity. However, the speed of retrieval was remarkably affected by writer's expertise. Moreover, there was no difference between L2 and L1 writing processes. The upshot essentially substantiated Cummins⿿ (1978) Interdependence Hypothesis, and Kellogg's (1990) Overload hypothesis while laying a great stress on the rate of lexical retrieval for improvement of writing expertise
7th International Congress of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
No full textThe 7th International Congress of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 12-14 May 2015, Tehran, Iran Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Conference Theme: Violence Prevention and Promotion of Mental Health Head of Congress: Mehdi Tehrani-Doost, M.D Scientific Secretary: Rozita Davari Ashtiani, M.D Executive Secretary: Katayoun Razjouyan, M.D Executive Manager: Fahima Farrahi The Scientific Committee: Nasrin Sarraf, Arsia Taghva, Sorur Arman, Mohammad reza Eslami, Mahin Eslami, Taghi esmaeeli, Soheila Emami, Shahrokh Amiri, Nasrin Amiri, Houshang Amirian, Mehdi Bina, Noushin Parvaresh, Ashraf Tashakori, Reza Tavakolian, Mehdi Tehrani doost, Seyed Ahmad Jalili, Behrouz Jalili, Mitra Joudi, Paria Hebrani, Nastaran Habibi, Shahram Heidari, Katayoun ,Khoushabi, Rozita Davari Ashtiani, Firouzeh Derakhshanpour, Nasrin Dodangi, Shokoufeh Radfar Katayoun Razjouyan, Forough Riahi, Ghazal Zahed, Elham Salari, Zahra Sepehrmanrsh, Atefeh Soltanifar, Hassan Shahrokhi, Arefeh Shefaat, Fereshteh Shakibaee, Mitra Hakim Shoshtari, Zahra Shahrivar, Elham Shirazi, Ali Alavi shooshtari, Mohammadali Sahebi, Afsaneh Sehat, Seyed Saeed Sadr, Mohammadreza Sadrameli, Nasrin Saraf, Parvin Safavi, Alireza Zahiroldin, Abdolahian, Fariba Arabgol, Fatemeh Asarian, Abbas Attari, Anita Alaghmand, Mohammad Effatpanah, Marzieh ,Assareh, Javad Alaghbandrad, Ahmad Ghanizadeh, Hossein Faker, Mahboobeh Firuzkuhi Mohammadreza Kazemi, Afsaneh Karbasi Amel, Arezou Kiani, Maryam Kipour, Ayub Malek, Fatemeh Mohareri, Mohammadreza Mohammadi, Mehrdad Mohammadian, Maryam Mahmoudirad, Javad ,Mahmoudi Gharaee, Azadeh Mazaheri, Shirin Moalemi, Shokufeh Mousavi, Masoumeh Mousavi Parviz Molavi, Niloufar Mahdavi, Javad Golmirzaee, Mostafa Najafi, Gholamreza Noourazar, Peyman Hashemian, Hamid Yaghubi, Maryam Kousha The Executive Committee: Mehdi Tehranidoost, Katayoun Razjouyan, Zahra Shahrivar, Javad ,Golmirzaee, Javad Mahmoudi Gharaee,Fahima Farrahi, Mojgan Khademi, Firouzeh Jafari ,Mohammadreza Eslami, Mohammad Amin Sattari, Shokoufeh Saffari, Azadeh Sadat Kheradmand Nahid Borna, Anahita Rezaee, Fatemeh Gholipour, Afshin Soleimanpour, Fahima Farrahi, Maziar ,Malekpour, Gilda Rajabi ,Damavandi, Hedie Farrahi, Hamed Mazaheri, Sina Zarrini, Helia Tarighatnia Mahya Seyed Safizadeh, Samira Sadeghi Parvin, Masoumeh Fadavi, Shadi Ansari, Hengameh Hosseini, Farzad Kashefi, Amirali Fadavi, Maziar Malekpoor, Elmira Bonyadi, Ashkan Abolhala
Moderate Exercise and Insulin in Combination Protect Against Brain Atrophy and Weight Loss by Modulation of Glucose Metabolism in Rat Model of Alzheimer' Disease
No full textBackground: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal death, inflammation, and oxidative stress.Aim: We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise and intranasal insulin on spatial memory, blood glucose level, and Physical growth indicators including weight, head circumference, and tail length.Materials and Methods: Seventy-two male Wistar rats, aged 8 weeks were into 9 gtoups at random (control, Sham, Aβ, Aβ + EX, Aβ +PINS, Aβ + INST, Aβ + EX + PINS, Aβ + EX + INST, and Aβ + EX + PINS + INST). We discovered that rats receiving Aβ25-35 had impaired spatial memory, which was associated with weight loss, brain growth retardation, Tail Length, and elevated blood glucose levels. Data from each trial was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSSStatistics 22 software, Two-way ANOVA, and post-hoc analysis Tukey test. The cut-off for statistical significance was P≤0.05.Results: Our results show that the improvement of spatial memory due to the improvement of metabolism and growth indicators can be affected by pretreatment exercise and intranasal insulin. Also, exercise training and intranasal insulin improved spatial memory and prevented brain growth retardation, increased blood glucose, weight loss, and tail length in animals treated with Aβ25-35.Conclusion: Exercise can amplify the positive benefits of intranasal insulin treatment on memory. The results of our research showed that exercise and insulin can prevent brain growth retardation and prevent spatial memory disorders by improving glucose metabolismy
