17 research outputs found
Ultraviolet disinfection impacts the microbial community composition and function of treated wastewater effluent and the receiving urban river
No full textBackground In the United States, an estimated 14,748 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal service to more than 230 million people. The quality of treated wastewater is often assessed by the presence or absence of fecal indicator bacteria. UV disinfection of wastewater is a common final treatment step used by many wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce fecal coliform bacteria and other pathogens; however, its potential impacts on the total effluent bacterial community are seemingly varied. This is especially important given that urban WWTPs typically return treated effluent to coastal and riverine environments and thus are a major source of microorganisms, genes, and chemical compounds to these systems. Following rainfall, stormflow conditions can result in substantial increases to effluent flow into combined systems. Methods Here, we conducted a lab-scale UV disinfection on WWTP effluent using UV dosage of 100 mJ/cm2 and monitored the active microbiome in UV-treated effluent and untreated effluent over the course of 48 h post-exposure using 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, we simulated stormflow conditions with effluent UV-treated and untreated effluent additions to river water and compared the microbial communities to those in baseflow river water. We also tracked the functional profiles of genes involved in tetracycline resistance (tetW) and nitrification (amoA) in these microcosms using RT-qPCR. Results We showed that while some organisms, such as members of the Bacteroidetes, are inhibited by UV disinfection and overall diversity of the microbial community decreases following treatment, many organisms not only survive, but remain active. These include common WWTP-derived organisms such as Comamonadaceae and Pseudomonas. When combined with river water to mimic stormflow conditions, these organisms can persist in the environment and potentially enhance microbial functions such as nitrification and antibiotic resistance
Comparative Day/Night Metatranscriptomic Analysis of Microbial Communities in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
No full textEffects of greenwater and claywater regimes on early exogenous feeding in larval sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria)
No full textMarine fish larvae often survive better with algae in their rearing water, but algae is expensive and cheaper alternatives should be explored. This study tested the effects of algae and clay, a less-expensive water additive, on feeding, growth and survival during the first week of exogenous feeding in sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). After three days with algae or clay, larvae with algae fed better than those with clay. On the fourth day, half of the algae tanks were transitioned to clay, and half of the clay tanks were transitioned to algae. When the transition was 90 % complete, feeding was better if algae was used for the first three days, regardless of whether the larvae were transitioning to clay on day-4 or kept on algae, so the previous water additive (algae or clay) predicted feeding rates better than the additive at the time of the feeding trial. Benefits of the first three days with algae did not last indefinitely, however, as larvae that transitioned from algae to clay on the fourth day stopped showing feeding benefits by the fifth and sixth days. In a separate experiment, different algae-clay mixtures were compared: i) 100 % clay, ii) 25 % algae / 75 % clay, iii) 50 % algae / 50 % clay, and iv) 100 % algae. The third and fourth treatments fed and survived better relative to the first treatment, and did not differ from each other. In another experiment, larval feeding was higher in 100 % algae than in 50 % algae / 0 % clay, highlighting the importance of the clay component of the 50 % algae / 50 % clay mixture. Thus, algae use during the first week of exogenous feeding was halved by using an algae-clay mixture, without impacting larval feeding, growth, or survival. This study provides methods to reduce the reliance on expensive algae during the larval period
Deep-Sea Archaea Fix and Share Nitrogen in Methane-Consuming Microbial Consortia
Get PDFNitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) microorganisms regulate productivity in diverse ecosystems; however, the identities of diazotrophs are unknown in many oceanic environments. Using single-cell–resolution nanometer secondary ion mass spectrometry images of ^(15)N incorporation, we showed that deep-sea anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea fix N_2, as well as structurally similar CN^–, and share the products with sulfate-reducing bacterial symbionts. These archaeal/bacterial consortia are already recognized as the major sink of methane in benthic ecosystems, and we now identify them as a source of bioavailable nitrogen as well. The archaea maintain their methane oxidation rates while fixing N_2 but reduce their growth, probably in compensation for the energetic burden of diazotrophy. This finding extends the demonstrated lower limits of respiratory energy capable of fueling N_2 fixation and reveals a link between the global carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles
Resistin and adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) regulate the expression of genes related to insulin resistance in BNL CL.2 mouse liver cells
Get PDF© 2019 The Author(s) Resistin is an adipokine produced in white adipose tissue that is thought to modulate insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (such as liver, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue). Human and murine resistin molecules share only about 60% sequence homology. [1] Contrary to humans, in which resistin is secreted mostly by macrophages, Park and Ahima 2013 resistin in rodents is produced primarily by the mature adipocytes of the white adipose tissue. Although resistin can bind to toll-like receptor 4 (TLF4) activating proinflammatory responses in human and rodents, [3–8] the inflammatory actions of resistin in human monocytes were found to be mediated by resistin binding to adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1). [9] In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of resistin on the expression of various genes related to insulin resistance in mouse liver cells. Using BNL CL.2 cells, we investigated the effect of resistin in untransfected or CAP1 siRNA-transfected cells on the expression of 84 key genes involved in insulin resistance
Algae and Clay Water Additives Differentially Impact Survival and Microbial Community Structure in Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Rearing Tanks
Get PDFAlgae, or “greenwater,” is a traditional water additive used in finfish aquaculture but it is associated with high costs and potentially harmful bacterial growth. “Claywater,” a mix of clay and seawater, has been explored as a replacement for greenwater. In some fish species, however, claywater reduces survival rates, but the mechanisms are not understood. A link between water additive and microbial community composition may exist. In this study, the effects of different water additives on the microbial communities of larval sablefish were studied. Three treatments were evaluated: a traditional greenwater additive, a claywater additive, and a greenwater additive switched to claywater after 1 week. Microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and sablefish survival and growth were recorded. Tank seawater microbial communities were significantly influenced by water additive (treatment). Sablefish microbiomes were significantly but weakly influenced by treatment, and there were time-specific differences within the claywater treatment. Sablefish, from the treatment that was switched after 1 week, maintained microbiomes that were more similar to the initial greenwater treatment. In general, sablefish were dominated by Vibrionaceae operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Variability in the sablefish microbiomes between tanks from the same treatment was high, especially in the claywater treatment, which may have confounded treatment effects. Larvae in the claywater treatment had significantly lower survival rates compared to greenwater and greenwater-claywater treatments, but no treatment effect was observed on sablefish growth (length). Overall, results suggest that claywater does not negatively impact survival or the microbial community of sablefish when preceded by 1 week of greenwater
Data_Sheet_1_Algae and Clay Water Additives Differentially Impact Survival and Microbial Community Structure in Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Rearing Tanks.docx
No full textAlgae, or “greenwater,” is a traditional water additive used in finfish aquaculture but it is associated with high costs and potentially harmful bacterial growth. “Claywater,” a mix of clay and seawater, has been explored as a replacement for greenwater. In some fish species, however, claywater reduces survival rates, but the mechanisms are not understood. A link between water additive and microbial community composition may exist. In this study, the effects of different water additives on the microbial communities of larval sablefish were studied. Three treatments were evaluated: a traditional greenwater additive, a claywater additive, and a greenwater additive switched to claywater after 1 week. Microbial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and sablefish survival and growth were recorded. Tank seawater microbial communities were significantly influenced by water additive (treatment). Sablefish microbiomes were significantly but weakly influenced by treatment, and there were time-specific differences within the claywater treatment. Sablefish, from the treatment that was switched after 1 week, maintained microbiomes that were more similar to the initial greenwater treatment. In general, sablefish were dominated by Vibrionaceae operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Variability in the sablefish microbiomes between tanks from the same treatment was high, especially in the claywater treatment, which may have confounded treatment effects. Larvae in the claywater treatment had significantly lower survival rates compared to greenwater and greenwater-claywater treatments, but no treatment effect was observed on sablefish growth (length). Overall, results suggest that claywater does not negatively impact survival or the microbial community of sablefish when preceded by 1 week of greenwater.</p
Cytokine secretion in breast cancer cells – MILLIPLEX assay data
Get PDF© 2019 The Author(s) Metastatic breast cancer is the most advanced stage of breast cancer and the leading cause of breast cancer mortality. Although understanding of the cancer progression and metastasis process has improved, the bi-directional communication between the tumor cell and the tumor microenvironment is still not well understood. Breast cancer cells are highly secretory, and their secretory activity is modulated by a variety of inflammatory stimuli present in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we characterized the cytokine expression in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, T-47D, and BT-474) in vitro using 41 cytokine MILLIPLEX assay. Further, we compared cytokine expression in breast cancer cells to those in non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial MCF-10A cells
Comparative day/night metatranscriptomic analysis of microbial communities in the North Pacific subtropical gyre
No full textSection 8 Update - Environmental transcriptomics: a method to access expressed genes in complex microbial communities
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