1,721,109 research outputs found
Failure of passive immune transfer in calves: a meta-analysis on the consequences and assessment of the economic impact
No full textLow colostrum intake at birth results in the failure of passive transfer (FPT) due to the inadequate ingestion of colostral immunoglobulins (Ig). FPT is associated with an increased risk of mortality and decreased health and longevity. Despite the known management practices associated with low FPT, it remains an important issue in the field. Neither a quantitative analysis of FPT consequences nor an assessment of its total cost are available. To address this point, a meta-analysis on the adjusted associations between FPT and its outcomes was first performed. Then, the total costs of FPT in European systems were calculated using a stochastic method with adjusted values as the input parameters. The adjusted risks (and 95% confidence intervals) for mortality, bovine respiratory disease, diarrhoea and overall morbidity in the case of FPT were 2.12 (1.43-3.13), 1.75 (1.50-2.03), 1.51 (1.05-2.17) and 1.91 (1.63-2.24), respectively. The mean (and 95% prediction interval) total costs per calf with FPT were estimated to be (sic)60 ((sic)10-109) and (sic)80 ((sic)20-139) for dairy and beef, respectively. As a result of the double-step stochastic method, the proposed economic estimation constitutes the first estimate available for FPT. The results are presented in a way that facilitates their use in the field and, with limited effort, combines the cost of each contributor to increase the applicability of the economic assessment to the situations farm-advisors may face. The present economic estimates are also an important tool to evaluate the profitability of measures that aim to improve colostrum intake and FPT prevention
Effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily gain in pre-weaned dairy calves: A double-blind, block-randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Get PDFThe objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily weight gain (ADG) in pre-weaned dairy calves. A total of 1,482 healthy Holstein heifer and bull calves from a large California dairy were enrolled at 24 to 48 hours of age until hutch exit at approximately 90 days of age. Calves were block-randomized by time to one of three treatments: 1) placebo, 2) zinc methionine (ZM), or 3) zinc sulfate (ZS) administered in milk once daily for 14 days. Serum total protein at enrollment and body weight at birth, treatment end, and hutch exit were measured. Fecal consistency was assessed daily for 28 days post-enrollment. For a random sample of 127 calves, serum zinc concentrations before and after treatment and a fecal antigen ELISA at diarrhea start and resolution for Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus, coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum were performed. Linear regression showed that ZM-treated bull calves had 22 g increased ADG compared to placebo-treated bulls (P = 0.042). ZM-treated heifers had 9 g decreased ADG compared to placebo-treated heifers (P = 0.037), after adjusting for average birth weight. Sex-stratified models showed that high birth weight heifers treated with ZM gained more than placebo-treated heifers of the same birth weight, which suggests a dose-response effect rather than a true sex-specific effect of ZM on ADG. Cox regression showed that ZM and ZS-treated calves had a 14.7% (P = 0.015) and 13.9% (P = 0.022) reduced hazard of diarrhea, respectively, compared to placebo-treated calves. Calves supplemented for at least the first five days of diarrhea with ZM and ZS had a 21.4% (P = 0.027) and 13.0% (P = 0.040) increased hazard of cure from diarrhea, respectively, compared to placebo-treated calves. Logistic regression showed that the odds of microbiological cure at diarrhea resolution for rotavirus, C. parvum, or any single fecal pathogen was not different between treatment groups. Zinc supplementation delayed diarrhea and expedited diarrhea recovery in pre-weaned calves. Additionally, zinc improved weight gain differentially in bulls compared to heifers, indicating a research need for sex-specific dosing.</div
Prévalence des infection par le BVD en ateliers d'engraissement
No full textReconnu comme un agent infectieux à impact sanitaire et éconnomique très important, le virus de la Diarrhée Virale Bovine (bdv) a une réparatition ubiquiste mondiale (2). Quelle est donc l'importance du BVD en atelier d'engraissement
How metabolic diseases Impact the use of antimicrobials: a formal demonstration in the field of veterinary medicine
No full textDecreasing the use of antimicrobials has become a primary objective for both human and veterinary medicine in many countries. Medical prevention and good nutrition are seen as key parameters for reducing antimicrobial use. However, little consideration has been given to how metabolic diseases may influence the use of antimicrobials in humans and animals through limiting the prevalence and severity of infectious diseases. To quantify this relationship using the example of a common metabolic disease in dairy cows (subclinical ketosis, SCK), we constructed a stochastic model reporting the total quantity of curative antimicrobials for a given population with the prevalence of cows at risk for SCK. We considered the prevalence of SCK, the relative risk of the disease in cases of SCK compared to no SCK and the use of antimicrobials to treat SCK-induced infectious diseases. Reducing the percentage of cows at risk for SCK from 80% to 10% was associated with an average decrease in the use of antimicrobials of 11% (prevalence of SCK from 34% to 17%, respectively) or 25% (prevalence of SCK from 68% to 22%, respectively), depending on the relative risk to contract SCK if risk was present. For a large percentage of the cows at risk for SCK, using a preventive bolus of monensin reduced the use of curative antimicrobials to the same level that was observed when the percentage of cows at risk for SCK was low. The present work suggests similar approaches for obesity and diabetes
Acidose ruminale chronique et cétose subclinique de la vache laitière : estimation de la prévalence à partir des composants du lait
No full textLes maladies métaboliques telles que l'acidose ruminale chronique ou subaiguë et la cétose subclinique, sont des troubles majeurs en élevage laitier. Leur évolution est souvent chronique et leur diagnostic parfois difficile. L'analyse des composants du lait (taux butyreux et taux protéique) est une méthode diagnostique reconnue, elle permet d'estimer les prévalences de ces troubles
Towards new economic models for French mixed veterinary practices
No full textL’offre de soins de santé par les vétérinaires consiste en un ensemble d'activités assurant le bien-être des animaux. Elle contribue également à la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses et à la sécurité alimentaire. En pratique générale, la plupart des activités génèrent des revenus pour les vétérinaires, notamment les actes (consultations, chirurgie, etc.) et les ventes (médicaments, aliments pour animaux de compagnie, etc.). Dans un contexte de croissance rapide du marché de la santé des animaux de compagnie, la question de la profitabilité économique des activités vétérinaires se pose. En effet, au-delà d'un certain seuil, les vétérinaires peuvent être tentés de délaisser les actes relatifs aux animaux d'élevage pour se concentrer sur les actes relatifs aux animaux de compagnie, généralement reconnus comme plus profitables et plus attractifs pour les nouvelles générations de vétérinaires. Les actes sont réalisés à des tarifs permettant une profitabilité nette limitée voire négative dans certains cas extrêmes. La délivrance de médicament permet de compenser la profitabilité. L’arrêt des remises arrières sur les antibiotiques et l’évolution des négociations entre praticiens et laboratoires pharmaceutiques influencent probablement les recettes réellement dégagées par la délivrance des médicaments, mais cette relation reste mal quantifiée.Ce manuscrit contribue à mieux décrire comment la diversité des activités vétérinaires conduit à la diversité des modèles économiques. L'analyse est proposée sous trois axes, correspondant à trois approches différentes, et aux trois chapitres de résultats. Les résultats de ces études montrent que le temps de travail est un élément clé de la profitabilité économique des actes vétérinaires ; certains actes prennent plus de temps que d’autres (chirurgie et suivi d’élevage par exemple), ainsi que les ressources requises pour chaque acte sont différentes (frais de déplacement pour le suivi d’élevage, coûts du bâtiment et des assistants pour les consultations canines…). La performance économique représentée par le chiffre d'affaires des structures vétérinaires échantillonnés est principalement associé et augmenté par (i) le nombre d'heures d’ouverture des structures, (ii) le nombre d'associés et de salariés au sein de la structure, (iii) la surface de la structure, et (iv) le pourcentage d'actes canins. Le temps passé sur chaque activité différait entre les vétérinaires et est positivement associé au statut des vétérinaires, et au niveau d’expérience. L’arrêt des remises arrières sur les antibiotiques affecte les prix auxquels les vétérinaires s’approvisionnent sur le marché de médicaments et modifie les pratiques des structures vétérinaires. Les résultats de cette thèse offrent la possibilité de concevoir les éléments clés de profitabilité économique des structures vétérinaires et peuvent aider à la prise de décision pour la gestion des structures vétérinaires.The provision of healthcare by veterinarians consists of a blend of activities ensuring welfare for animals. It also contributes in the control of infectious diseases and food safety. In general practices, most of the activities generate incomes for veterinarians, notably acts (consultations, surgery, etc.) and sales (drugs, pet food, etc.). Increased size of veterinary practices and the arrival of corporate companies modify the veterinary landscape in many countries. In a context of rapid growth of the companion animal health market, the question of the profitability of veterinary activities is relevant. Indeed, beyond a certain threshold, veterinarians may be tempted to leave behind food-producing animals ‘acts and focus on companion animals’ acts, which are generally recognized to be more profitable and more attractive for new generations of veterinarians.This manuscript contributes to a better description of how the diversity of veterinary activities leads to the diversity of economic models. The analysis is proposed under three axes, corresponding to three different approaches, and three chapters of results. The results of these studies show that labor time is a key element of the economic profitability of veterinary acts; some acts take more time than others (surgery and herd monitoring for example), as well as the resources required for each act are different (travel costs for herd monitoring, costs of the building and assistants for companion animal consultations...). The economic performance represented by the turnover of the sampled veterinary practices is mainly associated with and increased by (i) the number of opening hours of the practices, (ii) the number of associates and employees within the practice, (iii) the surface area of the practice, and (iv) the percentage of companion animal acts. Time spent on each activity differed between veterinarians and was positively associated with veterinarian status and experience level. The end of antibiotic rebates affects the prices at which veterinarians purchase drugs from the market and changes the practices of veterinary practices. The results of this thesis offer the possibility of designing the key elements of economic profitability of veterinary practices and can assist in decision making for the management of veterinary practices
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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