1,720,983 research outputs found
Una analisi sui flussi nel mercato del lavoro: l'occupazione indipendente
No full textObiettivo di questo lavoro è la rappresentazione di alcuni aspetti peculiari della dinamica dell'occupazione indipendente in Italia nel trascorso ventennio. L'analisi è riferita ai dati disaggregati per sesso, e si concentra - dopo un rapido sguardo ai confronti internazionali e agli andamenti della serie storica - sulla matrice decennale dei flussi (1979-1989); tale matrice è costruita con i dati relativi ai flussi annuali medi tra stati pubblicati dall'ISTAT nella Rilevazione delle forze di lavoro. Sono attualmente disponibili dieci matrici aggregate annuali consecutive dalle quali è stata ricavata una matrice media allo scopo di smorzare le componenti di natura accidentale; le informazioni che da essa derivano risultano abbastanza stabili e ben si prestano a descrivere gli andamenti di lungo periodo delle variabili osservate. Dai coefficienti orizzontali della matrice, considerati nell'ambito di un processo a catena di Markov finita quali probabilità di transizione tra gli stati, sono stati calcolati: il vettore limite, i tempi medi di primo passaggio, la matrice-limite delle correlazioni e la matrice zeta. I principali risultati, descrittivi, consentono di trarre qualche utile implicazione per la politica economica
Le matrici dei flussi e le tendenze del mercato del lavoro
No full textTra gli elementi che hanno caratterizzato la dinamica del mercato del lavoro italiano nel trascorso decennio va rilevato il consolidamento del tasso di occupazione su valori sensibilmente inferiori alla media europea. A tale sostanziale stabilità degli occupati si accompagna però un elevato livello di mobilità della popolazione, all'interno ed all'esterno del mercato. In questo studio viene descritta la mobilità sul mercato del lavoro ed avanzata una serie di previsioni sul suo andamento, applicando un processo di Markov a catena finita alle "matrici delle modifiche strutturali della popolazione tra rilevazioni corrispondenti di due anni successivi" rilevate dall’Istat nel periodo 1979-1989. L'analisi prende le mosse dalla serie delle matrici di transizione osservate ricavandone, secondo una ben nota metodologia, il vettore limite, la matrice dei tempi medi di primo passaggio e la matrice delle correlazioni limite. I risultati mostrano da un lato la fondatezza di alcune delle critiche rivolte alle matrici esaminate e dall'altro offrono un quadro dettagliato del comportamento degli individui sul mercato. In tutti i casi studiati il comportamento dell'aggregato è dominato dalle peculiarità della componente femminile
Gender Discrimination, Entrepreneurial Talent and Self-Employment
No full textABSTRACT. The trend of female self-employment in Italy
is stable, with a low level of participation which confirms the
prediction of economic theory on discrimination. We contend
that gender discrimination alters the distribution of entrepreneurial
talent between employees and self-employed workers.
This gives rise to the prediction that the self-employed women
are less likely to survive when self-employed than men
because the lesser entrepreneurial talent of women will
increase their risk of failure. Applying Markovian analysis to
ISTAT’s labor market transition matrices we verify this
prediction: Many women try to set up on their own, but they
fail to remain self-employed both because their lesser entrepreneurial
talent and because they try to become entrepreneurs
without any previous experience of work
Self-employment among Italian female graduates
Full text linkWe investigate gender differences among Italian self employed graduates focusing on flow data from a ten-year labor market transition matrix (1993-2003). Our data show that tertiary education increases the share of self employment in total employment for male workers but reduces the share for female workers. We argue that the disappointment provoked by the gender wage gap in paid employment may induce some female graduates with low entrepreneurial ability to set up on their own, but once in self employment they have lower survival rates than both men in self employment and women in paid employment. Applying Markovian analysis to labor market transitions we confirm our hypothesis: female graduates rarely move from paid employment to self employment, but the reverse is often the case. Thus, what we observe overall, is that education reduces the percentage of women in self employment, and increases the percentage of women in paid employment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Higher education in non-standard wage contracts
No full textAbstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to verify whether higher education increases the likelihood of
young Italian workers moving from non-standard to standard wage contracts.
Design/methodology/approach – The authors exploit a data set on labour market flows, produced
by the Italian National Statistical Office, by interviewing about 85,000 graduate and non-graduate
individuals aged 15-29 in transition between five labour market states: standard wage employment;
non-standard wage employment; self-employment; unemployment; inactivity. From these data, an
average six-year transition matrix was constructed whose coefficients can be interpreted as
probabilities of moving from one state to another over time.
Findings – As the authors find evidence for the so-called stepping stone hypothesis (that is, a higher
probability of moving to a permanent job for individuals starting from a temporary job), the authors
expect graduates to be more likely to pass from non-standard to standard wage contracts than
non-graduates, because the signalling effect of education is enhanced by the stepping stone effect of
non-standard wage contracts. Nevertheless, the authors find that non-standard wage contracts of
graduates are more likely to be terminated as bad job/worker matches.
Originality/value – This paper adds to the empirical literature on the probability of young workers
moving from non-standard wage contracts to a permanent job. By separating graduates from nongraduates,
it was found that education reduces the likelihood of passing from non-standard to
standard wage contracts. The authors interpret this result as evidence of the changing labour market
that makes it more difficult to infer the productivity of graduates as opposed to non-graduates.
Keywords Italy, Graduates, Labor market, Employment, Temporary workers, Permanent workers,
Labor market transitions, Non-standard wage contracts
Paper type Research pape
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Age and Gender Differences in Italian Workers Mobility
No full textThis article studies the provenance and destination of individuals in mobility, by processing the data obtained by ISTAT (Italy's National Statistical Institute). Disaggregation of the data by sex reveals intermittent labour-force participation by the female component of the population. Disaggregation of the data by age group shows that this situation persists unchanged over time, given that substantial uniformity of behaviour is observed between young women and the female population as a whole. Tournament theort provides grounds to argue that this behaviour is Pareto inefficient because it obstructs the optimal allocation of talent in society. The conclusion is drawn that economic policy measures are necessary in order to alter the gender division of labour in its current form
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