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NIRS-Based Muscle Oxygenation Is Not Suitable to Compute Convective and Diffusive Components of O2 Transport at V̇O2max
No full textNIRS-Based Muscle Oxygenation Is Not Suitable to Compute Convective and Diffusive Components of O2 Transport at V̇O2max: Response to Manferdelli, Barstow, and Millet
No full textNear-infrared spectroscopy estimation of combined skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and O2 diffusion capacity in humans
Full text linkThe final steps of the O2 cascade during exercise depend on the product of the microvascular-tointramyocyte PO2 difference and muscle O2 diffusing capacity (DmO2). Non-invasive methods to determine DmO2 in humans are currently unavailable. Muscle oxygen uptake (mVO2) recovery rate constant (k), measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using intermittent arterial occlusions, is associated with muscle oxidative capacity in vivo. We reasoned that k would be limited by DmO2 when muscle oxygenation is low (kLOW), and hypothesized that: i) k in well-oxygenated muscle (kHIGH) is associated with maximal O2 flux in fiber bundles; and ii) Δk (kHIGH-kLOW) is associated with capillary density (CD). Vastus lateralis k was measured in 12 participants using NIRS after moderate exercise. The timing and duration of arterial occlusions were manipulated to maintain tissue saturation index (TSI) within a 10% range either below (LOW) or above (HIGH) half-maximal desaturation, assessed during sustained arterial occlusion. Maximal O2 flux in phosphorylating state was 37.7±10.6 pmol·s−1·mg−1 (~5.8 ml·min−1·100g−1). CD ranged 348 to 586 mm-2. kHIGH was greater than kLOW (3.15±0.45 vs 1.56±0.79 min-1, p\u3c0.001). Maximal O2 flux was correlated with kHIGH (r=0.80, p=0.002) but not kLOW (r=-0.10, p=0.755). Δk ranged -0.26 to -2.55 min-1, and correlated with CD (r=- 0.68, p=0.015). mVO2 k reflects muscle oxidative capacity only in well-oxygenated muscle. Δk, the difference in k between well- and poorly-oxygenated muscle, was associated with CD, a mediator of DmO2. Assessment of muscle k and Δk using NIRS provides a non-invasive window on muscle oxidative and O2 diffusing capacity
Oxidative and O2 diffusive function in triceps brachii of recreational to world class swimmers
Full text linkThis study aimed to evaluate in vivo oxidative capacity and relative resistance to O2 diffusion using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the m. triceps brachii of recreational to world class swimmers and evaluate their relationships with swimming performance. Twenty-eight swimmers were enrolled and assigned into three subgroups according to their level: 'recreational/trained' (Tier 1/2; n = 8), 'national' (Tier 3; n = 12) and 'international/world class' (Tier 4/5; n = 8). Performance was evaluated by 100 m freestyle trials. Training volume was measured by self-reported distance (km/week). The recovery k of m. triceps brachii was non-invasively estimated by NIRS through repeated intermittent occlusions under two conditions: well-oxygenated (kHIGH) and low O2 availability (kLOW). The difference between kHIGH and kLOW (Δk) was calculated as an index of relative resistance to O2 diffusion. FINA points and 100 m performance differed among all groups. Training volume was greater in Tier 4/5 (34.0 ± 5.5 km week-1) and Tier 3 (35.5 ± 11.6 km week-1) than in Tier 1/2 (6.4 ± 1.8 km week-1). kHIGH was greater in Tier 4/5 and Tier 3 (3.18 ± 0.41 and 2.79 ± 0.40 min-1) versus Tier 1/2 (2.10 ± 0.36 min-1; all P < 0.002). kHIGH correlated with FINA points, 100 m performance and training volume. ∆k was not different among tiers and was not associated with training volume or performance. M. triceps brachii oxidative capacity (kHIGH) was positively associated with performance and training volume in swimmers. ∆k, which reflects relative resistance to O2 diffusion, was not different among athletes. These data suggest that m. triceps brachii oxidative capacity is associated with swimming performance and that muscle O2 diffusing capacity exerts a similar relative resistance to O2 diffusive flow across swimmers
Measurement of central and peripheral fatigue during whole body exercise : a new method
Full text linkBackground: This thesis sought to establish a new method for instantaneous measurement of central and peripheral fatigue during whole-body exercise up to maximal aerobic capacity in humans. Until now, measurement of central and peripheral fatigue has been limited to isolated muscle tasks or to time points after exercise where the physiological conditions that brought about the limiting symptoms for exercise have subsided. Thus, development of a method to overcome this would allow the first demonstration of the relative contributions of central and peripheral fatigue to limiting exercise that elicited maximal strain of the combined neuromuscular and cardiopulmonary systems. Objective: To develop and validate a method for quantifying peripheral muscle fatigue (MF, defined as the power produced for a given muscle stimulation), activation fatigue (AF, defined as the maximal evocable muscle activity), their sum, performance fatigue (PF, defined as the decline in maximal voluntary isokinetic power compared to the fresh, baseline, state) during cycling exercise at maximal aerobic capacity. In addition, this thesis aimed to determine the rate with which MF, AF and PF recovered to baseline after intolerance during whole-body exercise in humans. Methods: To quantify fatigue during whole-body exercise, a method was developed to allow a rapid switch from standard cycling (where the relationship between power and cadence is hyperbolic) to isokinetic cycling (where power is independent of cadence, and cadence is fixed) to be implemented. By asking the participant to give a maximal isokinetic effort at any point during exercise or recovery, allowed the velocity-specific decline in maximal isokinetic power (PISO) to be measured. The difference in PISO between baseline and exercise quantified PF. It was tested whether the baseline relationship between PISO and electromyographic power in 5 leg muscles (RMS EMG) was velocity dependent, linear and reproducible, such that the relative contributions to PF could be isolated from: 1) the decline in muscle activation (AF); and 2) the decline in PISO at a given activation (MF). Results: Healthy participants (n=13, 29 to 72 years old, ranging in aerobic capacity from 23.5 to 62.4 ml/min/kg) completed short (5 s) variable-effort isokinetic bouts at 50, 70, and 100 rpm to characterize the baseline relationship between RMS EMG and isokinetic power. Individual baseline EMG-PISO relationships were linear (r2 = 0.95 ± 0.04) and velocity dependent (analysis of covariance). Subsequently, repeated ramp incremental exercise tests were performed on a cycle ergometer and breath-by-breath gas exchange and ventilation was measured. Exercise was terminated with a maximal isokinetic effort (5 s) at 70 rpm. PISO at intolerance (two legs, 335 ± 88 W) was ~45% less than baseline (630 ± 156 W, p < 0.05). Following intolerance, PISO recovered within 3 minutes (p < 0.05). AF and MF (measured in one leg) were 97 ± 55 and 60 ± 50 W, respectively. Mean bias (± limits of agreement) for reproducibility were as follows: PISO at baseline 1 ± 30 W; PISO at 0-min recovery 3 ± 35 W; and EMG at PISO 3 ± 14%. Conclusions: The baseline EMG-PISO relationship was well modelled by a linear function, which was reproducible day-to-day. The variability of the individual EMG-PISO measurements between ~25% and 100% effort, around the linear model, was sufficiently tight that the baseline linear relationship allowed for a precise quantification of AF and MF at the limit of tolerance and in recovery from a maximal aerobic exercise task. It was also demonstrated that the EMG-PISO relationship was velocity dependent, as expected from the parabolic nature power-velocity curve. As such, this provides a valuable new method to identify the contributions of central and peripheral fatigue to limiting whole-body exercise in humans.Contexto: Esta tese procurou estabelecer um novo método de mensuração instantânea de fadiga central e periférica durante o exercício de corpo inteiro até a capacidade aeróbica máxima em seres humanos. Até agora, a mensuração da fadiga central e periférica tem sido limitada a tarefas musculares isoladas ou a momentos específicos após o exercício, nos quais as condições fisiológicas que levaram aos sintomas limitantes do exercício já estão abrandadas. Assim, desenvolver um método que supere estas limitações permitiria demonstrar pela primeira vez as contribuições relativas da fadiga central e periférica na limitação ao exercício, no qual haja estimulação máxima dos sistemas neuromuscular e cardiovascular. Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar um método para quantificar a fadiga muscular periférica (MF, definida como a potência produzida para uma determinada estimulação muscular), fadiga de ativação (AF, definida como a atividade muscular evocável máxima), sua soma, fadiga de desempenho (PF, definida como a perda de potência isocinética voluntária máxima em comparação com a basal) durante o exercício realizado no cicloergômetro em capacidade aeróbica máxima. Além disso, esta tese teve como objetivo determinar as taxas de recuperação nas quais MF, AF e PF retornaram à linha de base após a intolerância durante o exercício de corpo inteiro em seres humanos. Métodos: Para quantificar a fadiga durante o exercício de corpo inteiro, foi desenvolvido um método para permitir uma rápida transição do ciclismo padrão (em que a relação entre potência e cadência é hiperbólica) para o ciclismo isocinético (em que a potência é independente da cadência, e a cadência é fixa). Assim, ao pedir para o participante realizar um esforço isocinético máximo em qualquer ponto durante o exercício ou na fase de recuperação, permitiu-se quantificar o declínio velocidade-específica da potência isocinética máxima (PISO). A diferença na PISO entre a linha de base e o exercício quantifica a PF. Foi testado se a relação de base entre PISO e potência eletromiográfica em 5 músculos da perna (RMS EMG) era velocidade dependente, linear e reprodutível, de tal modo que as contribuições relativas para PF pudessem ser isoladas a partir de: 1) a diminuição da ativação muscular (AF) ; e 2) o declínio na PISO num dado grau de ativação (MF). Resultados: Participantes saudáveis (n=13, 29-72 anos, variando em capacidade aeróbica de 23,5 até 62,4 ml/min/kg) completaram tiros isocinéticos esforço-variável de curta duração (5 s) a 50, 70 e 100 rpm para caracterizar a relação basal entre EMG RMS e potência isocinética. As correlações entre EMG-Piso basais foram lineares (r2= 0,95 ± 0,04) e velocidade dependente (análise de covariância). Posteriormente, testes de exercício incrementais repetidos foram realizados em uma bicicleta ergométrica e as trocas gasosas e a ventilação foram mensuradas respiração a respiração. O exercício encerrava com um esforço isocinético máximo (5 s) a 70 rpm. Na intolerância, PISO (duas pernas, 335 ± 88 W) foi ~ de 45% menos do que na linha de base (630 ± 156 W, p <0,05). Após a intolerância, houve recuperação da PISO em 3 minutos (p <0,05). AF e MF (medido em uma perna) foram de 97 ± 55 e 60 ± 50 W, respectivamente. As médias de viés (± limites de concordância) para a reprodutibilidade foram as seguintes: PISO na linha de base 1 ± 30 W; PISO na recuperação 0-min 3 ± 35 W; e EMG em PISO 3 ± 14%. Conclusões: A relação basal EMG-PISO foi bem modelada por uma função linear, que foi reprodutível no dia-a-dia. A variabilidade das mensurações EMG-PISO individuais entre ~ 25% e 100% de esforço, em torno do modelo linear, foi suficientemente forte de modo que a relação linear basal permitiu uma quantificação precisa de AF e MF no limite de tolerância e na recuperação do exercício aeróbico máximo. Foi também demonstrado que a relação EMG-PISO foi velocidade dependente, como esperado a partir da curva parabólica de potência-velocidade. Assim, esta tese apresenta um novo método útil para identificar as contribuições da fadiga central e periférica na limitação do exercício de corpo inteiro em seres humanos
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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