1,721,231 research outputs found
Data for - MuFFIN - Modelling Foraging Fitness in Marine Predators
No full textThis repository contains information on the raw GPS-Time Depth Recorder-accelerometer data collected from two penguin species, The Little penguin (Eudyptula minor) and the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) published in:
"The role of individual variability on the predictive performance of machine learning applied to large bio-logging datasets."
Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22258-1
Marianna Chimienti * , Akiko Kato, Olivia Hicks, Frédéric Angelier, Michaël Beaulieu, Jazel Ouled-Cheikh, Coline Marciau, Thierry Raclot, Meagan Tucker, Danuta Maria
Wisniewska, Andre Chiaradia, Yan Ropert-Coudert
*Corresponding author. [email protected]
This study was supported by:
H2020-Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship, project number 890284, "Modelling Foraging Fitness in Marine predators (MuFFIN)", awarded to Marianna Chimienti
Nature of dataset: quantitative
Purpose of dataset: collect movement data from penguin species
Scope of dataset: quantify movement patterns in penguin species while foraging during the breeding season<br
Editorial: tracking marine megafauna for conservation and marine spatial planning
No full textDespite their important role in ecosystems, the widespread and increasing threats faced by many marine megafauna taxa has led to a poor conservation status of many species (e.g., Rees et al., 2016; Dias et al., 2019; Nelms et al., 2021; Jorgensen et al., 2022). Understanding and mitigating the threats faced by marine megafauna is challenging (Lascelles et al., 2014; Reisinger et al., 2022) because both the threats and the marine environment are highly dynamic in space and time, and animals’ occurrences vary with shifts in environmental and oceanographic conditions at different scales. Additionally, these animals are often highly mobile, making it difficult to pinpoint the occurrences of different individuals in specific locations.There are several definitions for the term ‘marine megafauna’. For example, Estes et al. (2016) define marine megafauna as species with maximum reported mass >45 kg, including 338 extant species of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, the sea otter (Enhyrda lutris), the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri), marine reptiles, bony and cartilaginous fishes, cephalopods, and the giant clam (Tridacna gigas). Here, we take the view of Authier et al. (2017), who do not impose a strict body mass threshold, but consider marine megafauna to be a coherent group based on their ecological similarities (at or near the top of food webs, with no or few predators) and that share conservation issues.This Research Topic covers a broad taxonomic representation, spanning seabirds, cetaceans, sea turtles, pinnipeds, elasmobranchs, teleosts, a sirenian, the polar bear, and a large crustacean, the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus). Articles submitted address how biologging is being used to understand the movement behaviour and distribution of marine megafauna, and how this information can play a key role to prioritise conservation goals. The resulting 34 articles illustrate how biologging is informing conservation of marine megafauna, and in light of these studies, we discuss challenges, methodological implications and future directions for biologging in conservation
Rapid assessment of stony coral richness and condition on Saba Bank, Netherlands Antilles
Full text linkThe benthic habitats of Saba Bank (17°259N, 63°309W) are at risk from maritime traffic, especially oil tankers (e.g., anchoring). To mitigate this risk, information is needed on the biodiversity and location of habitats to develop a zone use plan. A rapid survey to document the biodiversity of macro-algae, sponges, corals and fishes was conducted. Here we report on the richness and condition of stony coral species at 18 select sites, and we test for the effects of bottom type, depth, and distance from platform edge. Species richness was visually assessed by roving scuba diver with voucher specimens of each species collected. Coral tissue was examined for bleaching and diseases. Thirty-three coral species were documented. There were no significant differences in coral composition among bottom types or depth classes (ANOSIM,
An evaluation of three-dimensional photogrammetric and morphometric techniques for estimating volume and mass in Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii.
Full text linkBody mass dynamics of animals can indicate critical associations between extrinsic factors and population vital rates. Photogrammetry can be used to estimate mass of individuals in species whose life histories make it logistically difficult to obtain direct body mass measurements. Such studies typically use equations to relate volume estimates from photogrammetry to mass; however, most fail to identify the sources of error between the estimated and actual mass. Our objective was to identify the sources of error that prevent photogrammetric mass estimation from directly predicting actual mass, and develop a methodology to correct this issue. To do this, we obtained mass, body measurements, and scaled photos for 56 sedated Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). After creating a three-dimensional silhouette in the image processing program PhotoModeler Pro, we used horizontal scale bars to define the ground plane, then removed the below-ground portion of the animal's estimated silhouette. We then re-calculated body volume and applied an expected density to estimate animal mass. We compared the body mass estimates derived from this silhouette slice method with estimates derived from two other published methodologies: body mass calculated using photogrammetry coupled with a species-specific correction factor, and estimates using elliptical cones and measured tissue densities. The estimated mass values (mean ± standard deviation 345±71 kg for correction equation, 346±75 kg for silhouette slice, 343±76 kg for cones) were not statistically distinguishable from each other or from actual mass (346±73 kg) (ANOVA with Tukey HSD post-hoc, p>0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). We conclude that volume overestimates from photogrammetry are likely due to the inability of photo modeling software to properly render the ventral surface of the animal where it contacts the ground. Due to logistical differences between the "correction equation", "silhouette slicing", and "cones" approaches, researchers may find one technique more useful for certain study programs. In combination or exclusively, these three-dimensional mass estimation techniques have great utility in field studies with repeated measures sampling designs or where logistic constraints preclude weighing animals
Using Satellite Tracking and Isotopic Information to Characterize the Impact of South American Sea Lions on Salmonid Aquaculture in Southern Chile.
Full text linkApex marine predators alter their foraging behavior in response to spatial and/or seasonal changes in natural prey distribution and abundance. However, few studies have identified the impacts of aquaculture that represents a spatially and temporally predictable and abundant resource on their foraging behavior. Using satellite telemetry and stable isotope analysis we examined the degree of spatial overlap between the South American sea lion (SASL) and salmon farms, and quantify the amount of native prey versus farmed salmonids in SASL diets. We instrumented eight SASL individuals with SRDL-GPS tags. Vibrissae, hair and skin samples were collected for δ13C and δ15N analyses from five of the tagged individuals and from four males captured in a haul-out located adjacent to salmon farms. Tracking results showed that almost all the foraging areas of SASL are within close proximity to salmon farms. The most important prey for the individuals analyzed was farmed salmonids, with an estimated median (±SD) contribution of 19.7 ± 13.5‰ and 15.3 ± 9.6‰ for hair and skin, respectively. Using vibrissae as a temporal record of diet for each individual, we observed a remarkable switch in diet composition in two SASL, from farmed salmonids to pelagic fishes, which coincided with the decrease of salmon production due to the infectious salmon anemia virus that affected salmon farms in Chile at the end of 2008. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of integrating stable isotope derived dietary data with movement patterns to characterize the impacts of a non-native prey on the foraging ecology of an apex marine predator, providing important applied implications in situations where interactions between aquaculture and wildlife are common
Progress towards a representative network of Southern Ocean protected areas
Full text linkGlobal threats to ocean biodiversity have generated a worldwide movement to take actions to improve conservation and management. Several international initiatives have recommended the adoption of marine protected areas (MPAs) in national and international waters. National governments and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources have successfully adopted multiple MPAs in the Southern Ocean despite the challenging nature of establishing MPAs in international waters. But are these MPAs representative of Southern Ocean biodiversity? Here we answer this question for both existing and proposed Antarctic MPAs, using benthic and pelagic regionalizations as a proxy for biodiversity. Currently about 11.98% of the Southern Ocean is protected in MPAs, with 4.61% being encompassed by no-take areas. While this is a relatively large proportion of protection when compared to other international waters, current Antarctic MPAs are not representative of the full range of benthic and pelagic ecoregions. Implementing additional protected areas, including those currently under negotiation, would encompass almost 22% of the Southern Ocean. It would also substantially improve representation with 17 benthic and pelagic ecoregions (out of 23 and 19, respectively) achieving at least 10% representation
Measuring energy expenditure in sub-adult and hatchling sea turtles via accelerometry
No full textMeasuring the metabolic of sea turtles is fundamental to understanding their ecology yet the presently available methods are limited. Accelerometry is a relatively new technique for estimating metabolic rate that has shown promise with a number of species but its utility with air-breathing divers is not yet established. The present study undertakes laboratory experiments to investigate whether rate of oxygen uptake (o(2)) at the surface in active sub-adult green turtles Chelonia mydas and hatchling loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta correlates with overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), a derivative of acceleration used as a proxy for metabolic rate. Six green turtles (25-44 kg) and two loggerhead turtles (20 g) were instrumented with tri-axial acceleration logging devices and placed singly into a respirometry chamber. The green turtles were able to submerge freely within a 1.5 m deep tank and the loggerhead turtles were tethered in water 16 cm deep so that they swam at the surface. A significant prediction equation for mean o(2) over an hour in a green turtle from measures of ODBA and mean flipper length (R(2) = 0.56) returned a mean estimate error across turtles of 8.0%. The range of temperatures used in the green turtle experiments (22-30 degrees C) had only a small effect on o(2). A o(2)-ODBA equation for the loggerhead hatchling data was also significant (R(2) = 0.67). Together these data indicate the potential of the accelerometry technique for estimating energy expenditure in sea turtles, which may have important applications in sea turtle diving ecology, and also in conservation such as assessing turtle survival times when trapped underwater in fishing nets
Hormonal control of foraging behaviour in a diving seabird : the Adélie penguin
No full textLe compromis d’allocation de l’énergie entre les fonctions concurrentielles de la reproduction et de la maintenance (et à long terme la survie) est largement tributaire de la capacité de l’organisme à acquérir des ressources dans son milieu. Les mécanismes physiologiques sousjacents aux décisions d’acquisition et d’allocation de l’énergie sont actuellement peu connus. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle de deux hormones, la corticostérone et la prolactine, dans ces prises de décisions chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), et ce, pendant une phase couteuse en énergie : la période d’élevage des poussins. Pour ce faire, nous avons conduit des approches expérimentales couplant d’une part la manipulation hormonale (augmentation des niveaux de corticostérone ou diminution des niveaux de prolactine) et la mesure du comportement en mer grâce à l’utilisation d’enregistreurs miniaturisés de l’effort de plongée. Par ailleurs, le budget temps, la condition corporelle, le régime alimentaire (analyses des isotopes stables du carbone et de l’azote) ainsi que le succès de reproduction des individus ont été considérés. A l’échelle de la plongée, nous avons observé des rôles positifs et négatifs de la corticostérone et de la prolactine, respectivement, sur le comportement de recherche alimentaire. De façon contradictoire, il semble que la corticostérone ait eu un effet négatif à plus large échelle (e.g. diminution de la durée des voyages alimentaires). La complexité de l’implication de ces deux hormones dans le compromis entre survie et reproduction est finalement discutée à la lumière de ces résultats.The trade-off in the allocation of energy between the competitive functions of reproduction and maintenance (and survival in the long term basis) is largely dependent on the capacity of organisms to acquire resources in its environment. However, physiological mechanisms underlying decisions of energy acquisition and allocation are currently poorly known. Theaim of this PhD is to examine the role of two hormones, corticosterone and prolactin, in these decision processes in a long-lived seabird, the Adélie penguin (Pygoseclis adeliae) during an energetically costly period: the chick-rearing stage. To achieve this, we conducted experimental approaches coupling hormonal manipulation (increasing corticosterone levels ordecreasing prolactin levels) and the monitoring of at-sea behaviour by using miniaturised time-depth recorders. Moreover, time budget, body condition, diet (via stable isotopes analyses) and reproductive success of individuals were considered. At the dive scale, we observed positive and negative roles of corticosterone and prolactin on the foraging behaviour, respectively. However on the contrary, it seems that corticosterone had a negative effect at a larger scale (e.g. a decrease in at-sea trip duration). The complexity of the involvement of these hormones in the trade-off between survival and reproduction is discussed in the light of these results
Household factors influencing participation in bird feeding activity: A national scale analysis
Full text linkAmeliorating pressures on the ecological condition of the wider landscape outside of protected areas is a key focus of conservation initiatives in the developed world. In highly urbanized nations, domestic gardens can play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and facilitating human-wildlife interactions, which benefit personal and societal health and well-being. The extent to which sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors are associated with engagement in wildlife gardening activities remain largely unresolved. Using two household-level survey datasets gathered from across Britain, we determine whether and how the socioeconomic background of a household influences participation in food provision for wild birds, the most popular and widespread form of human-wildlife interaction. A majority of households feed birds (64% across rural and urban areas in England, and 53% within five British study cities). House type, household size and the age of the head of the household were all important predictors of bird feeding, whereas gross annual household income, the occupation of the head of the household, and whether the house is owned or rented were not. In both surveys, the prevalence of bird feeding rose as house type became more detached and as the age of the head of the household increased. A clear, consistent pattern between households of varying size was less evident. When regularity of food provision was examined in the study cities, just 29% of households provided food at least once a week. The proportion of households regularly feeding birds was positively related to the age of the head of the household, but declined with gross annual income. As concerns grow about the lack of engagement between people and the natural environment, such findings are important if conservation organizations are successfully to promote public participation in wildlife gardening specifically and environmentally beneficial behaviour in society more generally
Endocrine status and reproductive effort of a long-lived seabird, the Adélie penguin, in a changing environment
No full textL’étude des mécanismes endocriniens est particulièrement intéressante du fait du rôle majeur des hormones dans la régulation des interactions entre la physiologie d’un organisme, son comportement, et les modifications de son environnement. Cette thèse s’est intéressée aux relations entre le statut hormonal, les performances de reproduction et le succès reproducteur d’un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae, dans un contexte environnemental soumis à des changements. Le statut endocrinien de manchots mâles a été manipulé en utilisant des implants dégradables sous-cutanés diffusant l’hormone d’intérêt ou un inhibiteur de sa sécrétion. Les effets d’une modification des niveaux d’hormones sur l’investissement parental pendant l’incubation ont été mesurés à l’aide d’observations directes et d’oeufsfactices enregistrant les paramètres d’incubation. Les niveaux de corticostérone – hormone dite de stress, de prolactine – hormone des soins parentaux, et de testostérone – hormone liée aux comportements sexuels et à l’agressivité, ont été manipulés. Les effets d’une augmentation des niveaux de corticostérone sur les performances et le succès reproducteur pendant la période de l’élevage des poussins ont également été mesurés. Enfin, les conséquences d’une légère élévation des niveaux de corticostérone pendant l’ensemble de la saison de reproduction en termes de comportement et de succès reproducteur ont été examinées. Une augmentation des niveaux de corticostérone a globalement diminué les performances et le succès de reproduction. D’autre part, une modification des niveaux de prolactine ou de testostérone a affecté la durée etles paramètres d’incubation, suggérant une implication de ces deux hormones dans le contrôle de la phénologie de la reproduction. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse mettent l’accent sur le fait que la relation entre statut endocrinien et performances de reproduction est dose, état et contexte dépendante. Nos résultats illustrent le rôle majeur des hormones étudiées dans la régulation de l’effort reproducteur, et soulignent également l’importance de considérer les interactions entre les organismes et leur environnement.Studying endocrine mechanisms is of particular interest because of the major role played by hormones in mediating interactions between an animal’s physiology, its behaviour, and both predictable and unpredictable regimes of environmental variation. During this PhD, I have investigated the relationships between endocrine status, reproductive performance, and reproductive output in a long-lived polar seabird, the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae, while integrating environmental parameters for some of the studies. The endocrine status of male penguins was experimentally modified using subcutaneous self-degradable pellets, which released either the hormone or an inhibitor of its secretion. The effects of changes in the levels of several hormones on the parental investment during incubation were assessed, using direct observations and dummy eggs to record incubation parameters. The levels of corticosterone – the so-called stress hormone, prolactin – the parental care hormone, and testosterone – the sexual behaviour and aggressiveness hormone, were manipulated. The effects of increased corticosterone levels on reproductive performance and output were also evaluated during the chick-rearing period. Finally, the behavioural consequences of a moderate elevation of corticosterone levels during the whole breeding cycle were assessed. On the whole, an increase in corticosterone levels decreased reproductive performances and output. Changes in prolactin or testosterone levels affected incubation duration and egg temperature, suggesting a role for these hormones in the control of the timing of breeding. The results prevented in this PhD highlight the fact that the relationship between endocrine status and reproductive performance is dose-, state-, and context-dependant. Our results illustrate the major role of the hormones considered in our studies in the regulation of reproductive effort. They also underline the importance of considering the interactions of organisms with their environment in studies of animal behaviour and ecophysiology
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