1,720,961 research outputs found
Possible reasons for lack of effect of allergen avoidance in atopy-prone infants and sensitive asthmatic patients.
No full textThe basic paradigm that allergen exposure produces atopic sensitization, and that continued exposure leads to clinical asthma throughout the development of airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity has been challenged. However, because it was observed that epidemiological evidence suggests that around 40\% of asthma cases are attributable to atopy (even using restrictive criteria), the obvious corollary is that if allergen avoidance begins before the onset of sensitization (primary prevention), then it should be associated with a reduced number of new cases of the disease. However, there are conflicting results regarding the effect of allergen avoidance on primary prevention of atopic sensitization and asthma onset. Instead, more uniform and positive results are available from secondary prevention studies. Secondary prevention obviously is an attractive opportunity for pediatricians who may recognize the patients who might benefit from these interventions simply by screening for food allergy in young children with atopic dermatitis. The conflicting results of tertiary prevention are most frequently observed in adult patients and sometimes result from incomplete avoidance of allergens responsible for the sensitization
Aerosolterapia delle basse vie aeree: i presupposti fisiopatologici
No full textSi definisce aerosol “la dispersione fine in mezzo aeriforme (fase disperdente) di particelle solide o liquide (fase dispersa)”. Nel trattamento delle patologie respiratorie, la via inalatoria rappresenta la modalità più razionale per la somministrazione dei medicamenti, in quanto consente di far pervenire il farmaco direttamente nell’organo bersaglio, senza dover effettuare il passaggio nel torrente ematico, consentendo di raggiungere lo stesso effetto ad un dosaggio più basso di quello richiesto da una terapia orale o parenterale. Ne deriva che l’aerosol ideale è quello che permette di depositare la maggior parte del farmaco nel tratto delle vie respiratorie dove è richiesta la sua presenza e poco o nulla in altre sedi. Oggi sono disponibili due differenti metodiche di somministrazione: l’una genera particelle, partendo da una soluzione, che vengono aerosolizzate (tipicamente rappresentato dagli apparecchi che nebulizzano una soluzione con metodo meccanico o ultrasonico); l’altra diffonde particelle di dimensione pre-costituita (gli erogatori di polveri - MDI e PDI). La deposizione delle particelle di aerosol nelle vie aeree è, però, regolata da 3 principi di cinetica: impatto inerziale, impatto gravitazionale, diffusione. Essa dipende, inoltre, da: morfologia delle vie respiratorie, caratteristiche dei flussi aerei che veicolano le particelle e dalle particelle stesse. La terapia per via aerosolica appare oggi come il miglior approccio nella cura delle patologie delle basse vie respiratorie
Prevenzione e terapia dell'asma e del broncospasmo indotto dall'esercizio fisico.
No full textL’asma da sforzo è una condizione molto frequente; colpisce il 70-80% dei soggetti asmatici e il 10,3% dei soggetti con storia negativa per asma bronchiale. Per la maggior parte dei soggetti affetti da asma, in particolare nella forma allergica, l’attività fisica rappresenta uno degli stimoli che può produrre ostruzione delle vie aeree. Il più delle volte essa, quando sopraggiunge, è segnale di una patologia asmatica non ben controllata. Spesso molti soggetti si allontanano progressivamente dall’attività fisica. L’obiettivo di una gestione adeguata del paziente asmatico consiste nel fare in modo che qualsiasi soggetto possa svolgere l’attività fisica o sportiva desiderata senza che questa determini l’insorgenza della sintomatologia. Una corretta terapia consiste nella combinazione di presidi comportamentali e farmacologici. Tra i primi è da segnalare un maggior rischio di sviluppo di broncospasmo in caso di esercizio fisico eseguito in condizioni climatiche caratterizzate da aria fredda e secca, mentre altre attività, per le condizioni in cui si esplicano risultano essere meno asmogene. Gli agonisti dei recettori b2 a breve durata d’azione sono i più efficaci in caso di attacco acuto. È importante però ricordare che l’asma da sforzo è indice di infiammazione delle vie aeree o di scarso controllo della malattia con la necessità di prevedere l’impiego su base regolare di farmaci antinfiammatori come, ad esempio, i corticosteroidi e gli antileucotrienici
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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