249 research outputs found
Niñez, adolescencia, conflicto armado y cuestión social: acercamiento al caso colombiano
No full textFil: Rojas Rubio, Rommel, . Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina
The tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Gordo, Ávila, Farias and Hrbek, 2014 (Anura, Bufonidae) from the type locality and adjacent regions at Central Amazonia, Brazil
No full textMenin, Marcelo, Pegorini, Reysi Jhayne, Carvalho, Vinicius Tadeu De, Rojas, Rommel Roberto, Gordo, Marcelo (2014): The tadpole of Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Gordo, Ávila, Farias and Hrbek, 2014 (Anura, Bufonidae) from the type locality and adjacent regions at Central Amazonia, Brazil. Zootaxa 3826 (2): 393-396, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3826.2.
A question of male? Reproduction and exacerbation of adolescent masculinities in the illegal armed groups of the colombian conflict between 1999 - 2009
No full textThis degree work within the framework of the Master's Degree in Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia, aims to analyze the context prior to the linking of adolescents to the national armed conflict, the reproduction and exacerbation of adolescent masculinities during their stay in the illegal armed groups in the Colombian conflict between 1999 and 2009.
In accordance with gender studies and especially with the approach to masculinities, qualitative methodological design and field work were characterized by their flexibility, academic and scientific rigor, and also privilege the narratives of their protagonists in specific contexts.
Its elaboration was directly influenced by the appropriation, construction and circulation of knowledge around the gender approach, its particularities, scope and projections, the 13-year experience in processes of restoration of the rights of children and adolescents disconnected from the armed conflict. in Colombia, along with the implementation of social development projects in almost the entire national territory
Their findings, conclusions and recommendations are intended to contribute to the reflection on the construction of masculinities in contexts affected by the armed conflict, the inclusion of the gender approach in the processes of social insertion of adolescents disconnected from illegal armed groups, in addition to making visible the phenomenon of recruitment as a form of violation of their dignity and annihilation of their vital projects.Este trabajo de grado en el marco de la Maestría en Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pretende analizar el contexto previo a la vinculación de los adolescentes al conflicto armado nacional, la reproducción y exacerbación de las masculinidades de los adolescentes durante su permanencia en los grupos armados ilegales en el conflicto colombiano entre 1999 y 2009.
Acorde con los estudios de género y de manera especial con el abordaje de las asculinidades, el diseño metodológico cualitativo y trabajo de campo se caracterizaron por su flexibilidad, rigor académico y científico, además privilegiar las narrativas de sus protagonistas en contextos específicos. Su elaboración estuvo influenciada de manera directa por la apropiación, construcción y circulación de conocimiento entorno al enfoque de género, sus particularidades, alcances y proyecciones, la experiencia de 13 años en procesos de restablecimiento de derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes desvinculados del conflicto armado en Colombia, junto con la implementación de proyectos de desarrollo social en casi todo el territorio nacional .
Sus hallazgos, conclusiones y recomendaciones pretenden aportar a la reflexión sobre la construcción de las masculinidades en contextos afectados por el conflicto armado, la inclusión del enfoque de género en los procesos de inserción social de los adolescentes desvinculados de los grupos armados ilegales, además de visibilizar el fenómeno del reclutamiento como una forma de vulneración de su dignidad y aniquilación sus proyectos vitales.Magíster en Estudios de GéneroMaestrí
Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru
No full textRojas, Rommel R., Carvalho, Vinícius Tadeu De, Ávila, Robson W., Farias, Izeni Pires, Gordo, Marcelo, Hrbek, Tomas (2015): Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru. Zootaxa 3946 (1): 79-103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.1.
FIGURE 10 in Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru
No full textFIGURE 10. Paratypes and paratopotypes of Amazophrynella matses sp. nov. A–C) Adult females, MZUNAP 928, MZUNAP 931, MZUNAP 947; D–F) Adult males, MZUNAP 922, MZUNAP 920, MZUNAP 923.Published as part of Rojas, Rommel R., Carvalho, Vinícius Tadeu De, Ávila, Robson W., Farias, Izeni Pires, Gordo, Marcelo & Hrbek, Tomas, 2015, Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru, pp. 79-103 in Zootaxa 3946 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/23698
Two new surprising species of leaf-litter toad of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Peruvian Amazon, Loreto-Peru
No full textRojas, Rommel R., Peña, Pedro Perez, Ávila, Robson W., Carvalho, Vinicius Tadeu De, Perez, Renata, Farias, Izeni Pires, Gordo, Marcelo, Hrbek, Tomas (2022): Two new surprising species of leaf-litter toad of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Peruvian Amazon, Loreto-Peru. Zootaxa 5150 (4): 487-515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.
FIGURE 9 in A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the southwestern part of the Brazilian Guiana Shield
No full textFIGURE 9. Amplexus of Amazophrynella manaos sp. nov. (unvouchered specimens).Published as part of Rojas, Rommel R., Carvalho, Vinícius Tadeu De, Gordo, Marcelo, Ávila, Robson W., Farias, Izeni Pires & Hrbek, Tomas, 2014, A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the southwestern part of the Brazilian Guiana Shield, pp. 79-95 in Zootaxa 3753 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/28539
Amazophrynella matses Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2015, sp. nov.
No full textAmazophrynella matses sp. nov. (Figure 9) Synonyms Dendrophryniscus minutus (Gordo et al. 2006). Holotype. MZUNAP 921 (adult male), collected at Nuevo Salvador locality (5 ° 2 ' 33 '' S, 73 ° 50 ' 02'' W), district of Requena, Province of Requena, Loreto, Peru, by Ian Pool Medina, Richard Curto and Rommel R. Rojas on February 5, 2013, at 16 h. Paratopotypes. MZUNAP 934, MZUNAP 955 MZUNAP 940, MZUNAP 948 MZUNAP 943, MZUNAP 952, MZUNAP 953 (adult males), collected by Richard Curto on January 6, 2013. MZUNAP 932, MZUNAP 945, MZUNAP 950, (adult females), by Ian Pool Medina on January 7, 2013. MZUNAP 958, MZUNAP 922, MZUNAP 923, MZUNAP 925, MZUNAP 926 (adult males), MZUNAP 927, MZUNAP 944, MZUNAP 938, MZUNAP 936 (adult females) by Ian Pool Medina, Richard Curto and Rommel R. Rojas on February 5, 2013 (Figure 10). Paratypes. MZUNAP 928, MZUNAP 929, MZUNAP 930, MZUNAP 931, MZUNAP 933, MZUNAP 955, MZUNAP 935, MZUNAP 950, MZUNAP 937, MZUNAP 939, MZUNAP 941, MZUNAP 942, MZUNAP 946, MZUNAP 947, MZUNAP 949, (adult females) collected near Jenaro Herrera community, district of Requena (4 ° 53 ' 54 '' S, 73 ° 37 ' 05'' W) on January 6, 2013, by Rommel R. Rojas. Referred specimens. USNM 332894-332907 collected by Lily O. Rodriguez on November 27, 1989 in Jenaro Herrera (4 ° 55 ' S, 74 ° 45 ' W), on eastern bank of Río Ucayali, district of Requena, Loreto, Peru. Diagnosis. Amazophrynella matses sp. nov. is assigned to the genus Amazophrynella by the combination of the following synapomorphies (sensu Fouquet et al. 2012 b): small size with maximum SVL of 26.5 mm, elongated snout and slender body, eyelids smaller than eye diameter, cranial crests not evident, parotid glands and external tympanum not visible, texture of the skin granular or finely granular, ventrum with pattern of blotches or spots. The new species is readily diagnosed by the combination of the following characters: 1) smallest size of the genus: females 17.1 ± 0.7 mm (16.5–17.7 mm), males 12 ± 0.6 mm (11.5–13.5 mm); 2) canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view; 3) snout slightly truncate, with edges of nasal protrusion dilated in ventral view; 4) palmar tubercles elliptical; 5) finger tips expanded, 6) presence of medium-sized black ocelli and/or streaks covering venter; 7) belly yellow with undefined blotches; and 8) ten diagnostic characters in the 16 S rDNA gene fragment (Figure 1, Table 5). Comparisons with other species. Amazophrynella matses sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other species of Amazophrynella by the following characters (characters of compared species in parentheses). Compared to A. minuta sensu stricto, SVL is smaller in males (larger SVL; Table 2), and snout slightly truncate, with edges of nasal protrusion dilated in ventral view (snout pointed, with no dilatation on the nasal protrusion) (Figure 5). Compared to A. bokermanni, relative size of fingers differs, with finger II larger than I (I>II), and belly yellow-orange with black ocelli and/or streaks (white belly with small black dots). Compared to A. vote, snout is truncate (rounded) and belly yellow-orange with black ocelli and/or streaks (ventral color pattern reddish brown, with presence of small white dots and brown spots and absence of large blotches). Relative to A. manaos, finger tips are expanded (unexpanded), texture of body skin spiculate (granulated body surfaces), belly yellow-orange with black ocelli and/ or streaks (white abdomen with black spots or stripes). Compared to A. amazonicola sp. nov., fingers are unwebbed (fingers I and II webbed at base), snout truncate with edges of nasal protrusion dilated in ventral view (snout pointed with no dilated nasal protrusion), palmar tubercles elliptical (rounded) and greenish-white granules on body absent (present). Description of the holotype. Body robust; head triangular, as long as wide; head length 33.4 % of SVL; head width 28.8 % of SVL. Snout truncate in dorsal view, with a triangular nasal protrusion with edges dilated in ventral view; snout pointed in lateral view; snout length 48.8 % of head length; tympanum and vocal sac indistinct; circular eyes, diameter about 24.4 % of head length; nostril closer to the tip of snout than to eyes. Dorsal skin texture spiculate and covered by several scattered small granules; few spine granules on the upper arm; ventral surfaces covered by granular tubercles larger than that of dorsum; forelimbs slender, length of upper arm 29.6 % of SVL; edges of lower arms and upper arms covered by few small spines; fingers slender, relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III; palmar tubercle elliptical; supernumerary tubercles rounded: two on fingers I and II and three on fingers III and IV; fingers free, unwebbed, and finger tips expanded. Hind limbs slender, larger than forelimbs; small triangular spicules from thigh to tarsus; foot length 89.8 % of thigh length; relative size of toes: I<II<III<V<IV; outer and inner metatarsal tubercles rounded; subarticular tubercles rounded: two on toes I, II and V, three on toes III and IV; toes free, unwebbed. Measurement of the holotype (mm). SVL: 13.5; HW: 3.9; HL: 4.5; SL: 2.2; ED: 1.1; IND: 1.1; UAL: 4.0; HAL: 2.8; THL: 5.9; TAL: 5.7; TL: 4.2; FL: 5.3. Coloration. In males and females the dorsal coloration light brown with dark brown transverse bars. A continuous or barely white line visible on upper jaw, extending from the tip of the snout to the corner of the mouth. Golden iris and black pupil (Figure 11). Throat dark gray, chest grayish brown; belly yellow-orange with black ocelli and/or streaks covering the abdomen, reaching the chest and throat. Ventral skin of thighs grayish brown with scattered black dots. Reddish brown granules covering dorsal and ventral surfaces. Palms and soles reddish brown. In alcohol, the dorsal coloration becomes darker. Ventral coloration fades, with yellow colors becoming white. Variation. The species shows little variation in dorsal pattern, with few specimens presenting a thin brown vertebral line from the tip of snout to the vent. However, ventral coloration is highly variable among individuals (Figure 12). The black ocelli on the throat, chest and belly vary in abundance. Some specimens exhibited black streaks on the belly, which are the result of union of ocelli. The yellow surface may extend from thighs to the chest. In juveniles the edges of nasal protrusion in less perceptible. The elliptical shape of the palmar tubercle became flattened in preserved specimens. In juveniles specimens the protrusion on the edges of the nose is more visible. Distribution and natural history. Amazophrynella matses sp. nov. was found at four localities on the right bank of the Ucayali River in the state of Loreto, southeastern Peru: Requena, around Jenaro Herrera community, Nuevo Salvador and the Matses Indian Reserve. Amazophrynella matses sp. nov. can be found in upland (= terra firme) forests away from rivers, within root mass of bushes or in leaf litter. Reproduction is coincident with the rainy season, where oviposition occurs in puddles with abundant herbaceous and shrubby vegetation. Etymology. The specific epithet matses, a substantive from a polysynthetic language, is a reference to the Matsés ethnic group, which inhabits the region where we found the new species.Published as part of Rojas, Rommel R., Carvalho, Vinícius Tadeu De, Ávila, Robson W., Farias, Izeni Pires, Gordo, Marcelo & Hrbek, Tomas, 2015, Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru, pp. 79-103 in Zootaxa 3946 (1) on pages 93-100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3946.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/23698
Amazophrynella bilinguis Kaefer & Rojas & Ferrão & Farias & Lima 2019, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> sp. nov. Kaefer, Rojas, Ferrão & Lima <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6E3730AD-CC35-47B1-99F6-E7FEC5382F9F</p> <p> <i> <i>Holotype</i>.</i> INPA-H 39784 (field number APL 18244), adult male (Fig. 1 A–B, 2A–C, 3A, 3C, 4A, 5B) collected on February 2012 by I.L. Kaefer, A.P. Lima and L. Vasconcelos in the farm Fazenda Taperinha (2°34’48.4” S; 54°22’16.6” W, 7 m a.s.l.) on the south margin of the Amazon River, Municipality of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil.</p> <p> <b> <i>Paratype</i> s</b> . Eleven specimens. Nine males: INPA-H 39782, INPA-H 39780, INPA-H 39774, INPA-H 39776, INPA-H 39783, INPA-H 39778, INPA-H 39781, INPA-H 39775, INPA-H 39785 (field numbers APL 18240, APL 18241, APL 18243, APL 18245, APL 18246, APL 18247, APL 18248, APL 18249, and APL 18250, respectively); two females: INPA-H 39779 and INPA-H 39777 (field numbers APL 18242, APL 18251, respectively); all collected by I.L. Kaefer, A.P. Lima and L. Vasconcelos between February 3–5 2012 at the same locality of holotype. Female INPA-H 39777 is designated as the allotype (Fig. 1 C–D, 2D–F, 3B, 3D, 4B, 5A).</p> <p> <i> <i>Diagnosis</i>.</i> A species of <i>Amazophrynella</i> characterized by: (1) SVL 13–14.5 mm in males and 19.6–20.4 mm in females; (2) Finger I Ż Finger II; (3) palmar tubercle rounded; (4) dorsal surfaces highly granular; (5) whitish belly with black tiny spots in life; (6) call type 1 composed by one note with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s and 69–77 pulses; (7) call type 2 with duration of 0.779– 3.191 s and constituted by 6–22 multipulsed notes (9–14 pulses/note).</p> <p> <i> <i>Comparison with other species</i>.</i> We compared the new species with all currently recognized species of <i>Amazophrynella</i>: <i>A. amazonicola</i>; <i>A. bokermanni</i>; <i>A. javierbustamantei</i> Rojas, Chaparro, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Hrbek, and Gordo, 2016; <i>A. manaos</i> Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, and Hrbek, 2014; <i>A. matses</i> Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015; <i>A. minuta</i>; <i>A. moisesii</i> Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo- Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018; <i>A. siona</i>; <i>A. teko</i> Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018; <i>A. vote</i> Ávila, Carvalho, Gordo, Kawashita-Ribeiro, and Morais, 2012; <i>A. xinguensis</i> Rojas, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018. <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be distinguished from all other <i>Amazophrynella</i> species by the combination of morphological and bioacoustic characters. In addition, the new species differs genetically from all other species in the genus. Characteristics of compared species are presented in parentheses.</p> <p> The whitish belly in life distinguishes <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> from <i>A. minuta</i> (yellow to orange: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018c), <i>A. amazonicola</i> (yellow to reddish orange: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2015), <i>A. matses</i> (yellow to yellowish orange: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2015), <i>A. siona</i> (yellow to reddish brown: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), <i>A. javierbustamantei</i> (pale yellow: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2016), <i>A. moisesi</i> (pale yellow: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), <i>A. teko</i> (pale yellow to cream: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a). The Finger I Ż Finger II in <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from those of all above cited species (Finger I smaller than Finger II: Ávila <i>et al</i>. 2012, Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018a, 2018c). Additionally, by emitting call type 1 with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s and 69–77 pulses, the new species can be distinguished from <i>A. minuta</i> (0.132– 0.143 s and 43–48 pulses: present study), and <i>A. teko</i> (0.150– 0.190 s and 10–30 pulses: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a). In addition, <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> emits call type 2 with multipulsed notes that differs from those of <i>A. amazonicola</i>, <i>A. minuta</i>, and <i>A. siona</i> (non-pulsed: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a, b, present study; see Discussion section).</p> <p> The whitish belly of the new species is similar to <i>A. manaos</i>, <i>A. vote</i>, <i>A. xinguensis</i> and <i>A. bokermanni</i>. The new species differs from <i>A. manaos</i> by having Finger I Ż Finger II (Finger I shorter than Finger II: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2014), whitish belly with black tiny spots (whitish belly with black blotches: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2014), and advertisement call type 1 with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s (0.133– 0.156 s: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018b). <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from <i>A. vote</i> by reaching 14.5 mm SVL in males and 20.4 mm in females (maximum SVL 19.3 mm in males, and 25.7 mm in females: Ávila <i>et al</i>. 2012) and Finger I Ż Finger II (Finger I <Finger II: Ávila <i>et al</i>. 2012). Moreover, <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs of <i>A. vote</i> by having call type 1 with duration of 0.206– 0.292 s and 69–77 pulses (0.098– 0.150 s and 41–60 pulses: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018b).</p> <p> According to the genetic analyses (see section Phylogenetic relationships), <i>A. xinguensis</i> and <i>A. bokermanni</i> are the most closely-related nominal species in relation to <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> The new species can be distinguished from <i>A. xinguensis</i> by having SVL 13–14.5 mm in males and 19.6–20.4 mm in females (SVL males 17.7–20.0 mm; SVL females 22.4–26.3 mm: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), palmar tubercle rounded (elliptical: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a). The advertisement call of <i>A. xinguensis</i> is unknown. <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is differentiated from <i>A. bokermanni</i> by SVL 13–14.5 mm in males (SVL = 15.9–16.5 mm: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a), dorsal surfaces highly granular (granular), black tiny spots on venter (small black dots). Moreover, the advertisement call type 1 of <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> can be distinguished from those of <i>A. bokermanni</i> by duration of notes 0.206– 0.292 s (0.125– 0.163 s: Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018b).</p> <p> <i> <i>Description of holotype</i>.</i> Body small, elongate. Head triangular in dorsal and lateral view. Head longer than wide. HL 38.04% and HW 30.43% of SVL. Snout acuminate in lateral view and triangular in dorsal view. SL 44.4% of HL. Nostrils protuberant, closer to snout than eyes. <i>Cantus rostralis</i> straight in dorsal view. Internarinal distance smaller than eye diameter. IND 28.6% of HW. Upper eyelid covered by small granules. Eye prominent, 29.0% of HL. Tympanum not visible through the skin. Texture of skin on tympanum covered with granules. Texture of dorsal skin highly granular. Texture of dorsolateral skin granular. Abundance of granules on arms insertion. Forelimbs thick. Upper arms robust. UAL 39.1% of SVL. Presence of granules on upper arm and arm. HAL 20.9% of UAL. Fingers slender. Tips unexpanded. Fingers basally webbed. Relative length of Fingers: I Ż II <IV <III. Thumb larger and robust. Supernumerary tubercle rounded: two on Finger I and II and IV and three in Finger III. Palmar tubercle rounded, approximately ¼ of hand. Gular region granular. Texture of ventral skin granular. Cloacal opening slightly above midlevel of thighs. Hind limbs slender. Thigh to tarsus covered by spiny protuberances. THL 58.2% of SVL. TAL 50.6% of SVL. Presence of small granules on tibia. Tarsus 36.8% of SVL. FL 60.5% of THL. Relative length of toes: I <II <III <V <IV. Inner metatarsal tubercle rounded. Outer metatarsal tubercle small and oval. Subarticular tubercles rounded: one on toes I, II and V, three on toes III and IV; foot with slender, basally webbed toes.</p> <p> <b> <i>Measurement of the holotype</i> (<i>in mm</i>)</b> . SVL: 13.8; HW: 4.2; HL: 5.2; SL: 2.3; ED: 1.5; IND: 1.2; UAL: 5.4; HAL: 2.9; FI: 1.5; FII:1.5; THL: 8.1; TAL: 7.5; TL: 5.1; FL: 4.9.</p> <p> <i> <i>Coloration of the holotype</i>.</i> In life, head brown in dorsal view. Dorsum brown with brown chevrons. Flanks light brown. Dorsal surfaces of upper arm, arm and hand light brown. Dorsal surfaces of thighs, tibia, tarsus and foot light brown. Gular region cream with brown spots. Belly whitish with brown spots and white granules (Fig. 5B). Ventral surfaces of upper arm and arm creamy. Palm reddish. Ventral surfaces of thighs, tarsus and tibia creamy, sole black. Iris golden and pupil black.</p> <p>In preservative, the coloration is almost the same than the one in life. The coloration of the dorsum becomes light brown. Gular region and venter become cream. The iris loses its coloration. Fingers and toes become cream (Fig. 6).</p> <p> <i> <i>Variation</i>.</i> There is little variation among specimens of the type series (Table 2). Sexual dimorphism was detected in SVL, with 13.0– 14.5 mm (13.65 ± 0.43 mm, n = 10) in males and 19.56–20.4 mm (19.98 ± 0.59 mm, n =2) in females. Three specimens (INPA-H 39775, INPA-H 39780, INPA-H 39776) have few granules on posterior region of head. The specimen INPA-H 39779 present a white line from head to cloaca. There is variation in the size (mm) of the FI and FII between individuals, while some (e.g. INPA-H 39778, INPA-H 39774, INPA-H 39783) present Finger I> Finger II and other present Finger I Ż Finger II (e.g. INPA-H 39782, INPA-H 39784, INPA-H 39775). Subarticular tubercles more protruding and swollen in females. The specimen INPA-H39777 shows small spots on dorsolateral surfaces. Dorsum with different tonalities of brown (light brown to brown). Spots on venter vary in sizes (small to medium size). Thighs, shanks and tarsus between cream and whitish coloration, in ventral view. Palm and sole present different tonalities of cream, in ventral view. In preserved specimens, the palmar tubercle is more flattened.</p> <p> <i> <i>Advertisement call</i>.</i> Two different call types were recorded (Fig. 7 A–D), both of them from the same two individuals. Additional males, not recorded, also emitted both call types. We did not categorize these vocalizations as a single composed advertisement call because each one of the call types can be repeated for several minutes. The calls of type 1 (Fig. 7A) consist of one multipulsed note (Fig. 7C) with average duration of 0.248 ± 0.020 s (0.206– 0.292 s) and are composed by 72 ± 2 pulses (69–77 pulses). Calls type 1 are emitted in series (Fig. 7A) and are interleaved by silent intervals of 1.076 ± 0.162 s (0.621– 3.779 s). Calls type 1 have a mean dominant frequency of 3526 ± 170 Hz (3338–4264 Hz), low frequency of 3058 ± 119 Hz (2674–3234 Hz) and high frequency of 4478 ± 173 Hz (4277–4744 Hz).</p> <p>Different from calls of type 1, the calls of type 2 are arranged in bouts (Fig. 7B) of notes and have a duration of 1.9 ± 0.77 s (0.779– 3.191 s). The mean number of notes per call is 13 ± 5 (6–22 notes) and notes are 0.034 ± 0.001 s (0.010– 0.065 s) long in average. The duration of the silent interval between notes in call type 2 is 0.125 ± 0.028 s (0.085– 0.206 s). Notes are composed of 12 ± 1 pulses (9–14 pulses) (Fig. 7D). The mean dominant frequency of calls type 2 is 3450 ± 68 Hz (3220–4680 Hz), while the mean low frequency is 3200 ± 18 Hz (2961–3410 Hz) and high frequency is 4002 ± 91 Hz (3345–4680 Hz).</p> <p> <i> <i>Phylogenetic relationships</i>.</i> Our phylogenetic tree inferred from 559 aligned sites of 16S rRNA (Fig. 8) was partially concordant with Rojas <i>et al</i>. (2018a). All nominal species of <i>Amazophrynella</i> in our reconstruction formed well supported clades (PP Ż 0.95), excepted <i>A. siona</i>, and <i>A. teko</i>. <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> was recovered as the sister taxon of <i>Amazophrynella</i> sp. 3 (<i>sensu</i> Rojas <i>et al</i>. 2018a) from Parque de Desenvolvimento Jatobá (Tapajós River, Pará, Brazil) with low support (PP = 0.74).</p> <p> Genetic distance between <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and <i>Amazophrynella</i> sp. 3 was relatively low (p and K2P = 2%) compared to distances calculated between <i>A. bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and other <i>Amazophrynella</i> species that ranged from 3% (p) and 4% (K2P) (<i>Amazophrynella</i> sp. 2) to 14% (p) and 16% (K2P) (<i>A. siona</i>). <i>Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> presented 4% (p and K2P) genetic distance from samples of <i>A. bokermanni,</i> the nominal species that was placed closest to it in the phylogenetic tree. See Table 3 for genetic distances among all analyzed species.</p> <p> <i> <i>Distribution and natural history</i>. Amazophrynella bilinguis</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> is known only from Fazenda Taperinha (2°34’48.4” S; 54°22’16.6” W, 7 m a.s.l.) on south margin of the Amazon River, Municipality of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil (Fig. 9). However, it is likely that sampling efforts, which are historically scarce at that region, might expand the known distribution of this taxon.</p> <p>Like in other species within the genus, males of this species were found calling during the day, usually perched up to 10–40 cm above the ground on vegetation, fallen logs, branches or on leaf litter on the forest floor. Females and vocally active males were found near a stream and associated shallow ponds, where egg deposition and tadpole development may occur. After collection, a pair (female = INPA-H 39779, SVL = 20.8 mm; male = INPA-H 39774; SVL = 15.4 mm) engaged in axillary amplexus inside a plastic bag in the improvised field laboratory (Fig. 4A and 4B).</p> <p> <i> <i>Etymology</i>.</i> The epithet " <i>bilinguis</i> " is Latin and means "bilingual". It refers to the two distinct advertisement calls emitted by the male individuals.</p>Published as part of <i>Kaefer, Igor Luis, Rojas, Rommel R., Ferrão, Miquéias, Farias, Izeni Pires & Lima, Albertina Pimentel, 2019, A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) with two distinct advertisement calls, pp. 316-334 in Zootaxa 4577 (2)</i> on pages 319-329, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2629715">http://zenodo.org/record/2629715</a>
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of the Amazonian tiny tree toad Amazophrynella minuta (Melin, 1941) (Anura: Bufonidae) from its type locality
No full textFIGURE 3. Terminology used in this paper to describe shape of palmar and subarticular tubercles in Amazophrynella. A) Rounded; B) oval; C) elliptical. See Materials and Methods for character definition.Published as part of Rojas, Rommel R., Fouquet, Antoine, Carvalho, Vinícius Tadeu De, Ron, Santiago, Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Vogt, Richard C., Ávila, Robson W., Farias, Izeni Pires, Gordo, Marcelo & Hrbek, Tomas, 2018, Redescription of the Amazonian tiny tree toad Amazophrynella minuta (Melin, 1941) (Anura: Bufonidae) from its type locality, pp. 511-526 in Zootaxa 4482 (3) on page 515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/144076
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