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The evolution of Clemente Susini’s anatomical iconography from his beginnings at La Specola waxwork to his artistic maturity, as seen in the collection of Cagliari
Full text linkIn 1772, Clemente Susini (1754-1814) freshly graduated at the Florentine Accademia di Belle Arti was hired, as assistant of the sculptor Giuseppe Ferrini and dissector aid, by Felice Fontana (1730-1805) physicist of the Grand-ducal court. The latter was then setting up the ceroplastic workshop of the Regio e Imperiale Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale (called La Specola) funded by the Grand-Duke Peter Leopold. Ten years later, he was appointed first modeller, a job that he carried on until the end of his life. In forty years of work Susini realized, or oversaw, the production of over 2000 wax models most of which for the great collection of La Specola in Florence and that of the Josephinum in Vienna completed in 1780-1786 [1]. Aside from both the former, made under Fontana’s directorship, Susini produced other models commissioned to the Museum from Italy and abroad. Noteworthy, among these is the collection for Cagliari made in collaboration with the Sardinian anatomist Francesco Antonio Boi (1767-1850) in 1803-1805. At the time, Fontana was no more interested in wax modelling and Susini was free, at last, to fully express himself. Cagliari’s waxes are more realistic, there are no posing figures, and the models do not exhibit the “rosy skin” of those of La Specola and Vienna. Most of the 23 cases bear the date and Susini’s signature, a seal of authorship lacking in the other collections of Florentine waxes. The target of Susini and Boi appears to be quite different from that seen in the earlier collections. The References to clinical and functional anatomy seem purposely pointed out in order to give students of surgery and medicine relevant information on their professional training. There is no attempt to make anatomy more attractive for a general public or to educate citizens according to the project of “popularizing” anatomy so dear to Fontana and Peter Leopold. Moreover, it seems that Susini and Boi have reached a degree of “cooperation of art and science” that anticipate the current trend of anatomical illustration [2]
A GRASP Metaheuristic for the Coverage of Grid Environments with Limited-Footprint Tools
No full textL’anatomista Giuseppe Nazzareno Sterzi (1876-2019) nel centenario della sua tragica scomparsa
No full textCorrado Tumiati, Luigi Castaldi and their reappraisal of the role of Clemente Susini (1754-1814) in the accomplishment of the anatomical wax models of La Specola and of those now in Cagliari.
No full textLife cycle assessment of Italian dairy cheese chain
Full text linkDairy sector is growing fast, contributing to important share of global and national economic sector and bringing nutrient components into human diets. However, dairy sector is one of the main contributors to environmental impacts arising from food sector. Cheese sector is strategic to Italian dairy sector and economy, exporting high quality and Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) cheese to international countries. There is urgent need to increase the sustainability of dairy sector, considering the whole dairy chain perspective. The aim of this Ph.D. Project was to assess the environmental impacts associated to the Italian dairy cheese chain. The Project has been conducted in Veneto Region (northeast Italy). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology have been applied to assess the impacts producing raw milk at farm gate (Manuscript I), Asiago PDO cheese from cradle to dairy plant gate (Manuscript II) and Mozzarella from cradle to grave (Manuscript III).
In the Project, the primary data have been collected through direct interview to dairy farmers and visits to each dairy farm, and direct interview and visits to Asiago and Mozzarella cheese plants. Primary data collection regarded 34 dairy farms and an Asiago and Mozzarella cheese dairy plants. Ecoinvent® v3 and Agrifoodprint® v1 databases have been use for secondary data, while data from literature and national inventories have been use to model the post plant phases (distribution, retail, consumption and disposal) in the Manuscript III. Simapro© 8 was the modelling software. The impacts estimated affect human health, ecosystem and resources use.
Manuscript I and Manuscript II represent the LCA of Asiago PDO cheese production. Indeed, the 34 dairy farms analyzed are located in the adjacent area of the Asiago plant, creating a unique narrow chain for producing Asiago PDO cheese which is manufactured by the PDO guidelines. In the Manuscript I, the functional unit was one kg of milk, and it was the first LCA on milk production in Veneto Region. The production of purchased feed and on-farm feed (which require land, water, chemical fertilizers and manure, machinery use) and animal emissions (enteric methane, and nitrogen emissions from manure management) were main hotspots for overall impact categories, such as climate change, acidification, eutrophication, water and land use, and energy usage. Minor contribution to final impacts originated from electricity, fuels and detergents use, and waste produced during farm activities (such milking, cleaning). Different allocation approaches were tested beside the biological default allocation, and all approaches modified the final results per kg of milk. The results were similar to those reported in literature.
In the Manuscript II, the LCA model represents the production chain to produce one kg of Asiago PDO cheese, ready to sell, at dairy plant gate. The raw milk production represented the main contributor to all impact categories, except for ozone depletion where the cheese-making process was the first driver. Excluding farm phase from the assessment the manufacturing operations resulted the hotspots for overall impacts, except for eutrophication and water depletion mainly caused by wastewater treatment, and land occupation which was occurred due to primary and secondary paper packaging. The main contributor inside the cheese plant were electricity and natural gas usage, and process water, moreover transport of raw milk from farm to cheese plant impacted toxicity and photochemical oxidant formation. Economic allocation was applied and compared to milk solids content allocation, which reduced the final emissions per kg of Asiago than economic allocation. In fact, the milk solids allocation assigned more impact to the co-products (whey and other cheese) than economic allocation. Uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis of aging period were included into the study.
In the Manuscript III the LCA methodology has been applied to an high industrialized mozzarella plant, the Italian third largest mozzarella plant. The LCA was performed in a cradle to grave perspective, including the post manufacturing phases, as distribution, retail, consumption and end of life phases. The plant used Italian and foreign milk, and distribute the mozzarella to Italy and international countries. The functional unit was one kg of mozzarella consumed. Result confirmed that raw milk production was the main contributor to overall impacts categories, except for ozone depletion where refrigerant used for cooling along the post farm chain were the main hotspot. Manufacturing and packaging were the second most important contributors to final impacts, followed by disposal of wastewater, while minor impacts were associated to distribution, retail and consumption; although relevant contribution was transport of milk and mozzarella, considering the international origin and delivery of the products. Electricity and natural gas usage, together with cardboard packaging for delivery drove the impacts during mozzarella-making process. While the impact arising from post plant phase were mainly determine by energy usage. The normalized results showed ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication and climate change as the main impact category contributing to the European impact and these categories are the first scope to apply strategies for reduction. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test different allocation approaches and to analyzed how the final results are influenced by allocation method; finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed determining the difference of impacts among the tradition high moisture mozzarella and the low moisture mozzarella. This analysis highlighted, excluding the difference derived from farm phase, transport is the main cause of larger impact for low moisture mozzarella, because foreign raw milk is generally used for this type of production, and the cooking in oven in the consumption phase, because low moisture mozzarella is largely used as pizza topping, in fact a cooking in an electric oven was assumed
Anatomia Clavis et Clavus Medicinae
Full text linkThis illustrated book consists of seven chapters. The first 3, ranging from proto-history to the present day, address most of historical moments of the evolution of knowledge and teaching in Human Anatomy and related Sciences produced in South Sardinia, the City of Cagliari, its University and Anatomical Institutions.
Chapter 4 is entirely devoted to the city of Cagliari Anatomical Theatres and Anatomical Rooms, places previously little known or totally unknown: an itinerary from Palazzo Belgrano seat of the Rectorate, to the Anatomical Institute of via Porcell. The latter, opened in 1922-23 has been Cagliari most important Anatomical Institution until 1998.
Chapter 5 outlines the historical evolution of methods used for anatomical studies, from dissection to microscopy, tracing the links of Anatomy with various philosophical and scientific disciplines as well.
Chapter 6 summarizes the general chronology and offers a prosopographical insight into the life, thought, and historical-social context of the Persons who have alternated in Anatomy teaching. Besides Professors, Sectors and Assistants, several of whom renowned protagonists of the international scientific world, are carefully considered.
Chapter 7. Finally, we dedicate an ample space to the most recent changes that highlight the evolution of the investigation methods applied by optical microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy; they encompass immunochemistry, morphometry, cell cultures, in a constantly transforming academic context. Developments in the last 55 years allowed us to write pages of history closer to our times and rich in memories of places, facts and people. They concern the Institute which later became a Department, the PhD program, the museum spaces in which excels the Anatomical Wax Museum, for its worldwide relevance and undisputed beauty of the works. Last, but not least, a space is dedicated to the Research Laboratories of the present-day Cytomorphology Section of the Department of Biomedical Sciences, and their contribution to the progress of scientific research in the morphological and functional field
The Collection of Clemente Susini's anatomical waxes in Cagliari: its historical, scientific, teaching and artistic value
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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