1,721,085 research outputs found
Israeli Mediterranean vermetid reef biodiversity monitoring data
No full textData presented are percent cover or count averages of 15 quadrats randomly placed along a 50 meter transect placed parallel to the shoreline at one of four intertidal zones at several vermetid reef sites along the Israeli coast in surveys conducted between fall 2009 to winter 2017. Four sites were surveyed seasonally and 7 more, annually. Taxa include macroalgae and macro-invertebrates.
Details: The surveyed taxa were identified to the lowest taxonomic level attainable in the field (mostly genus or species level but in several cases family, order or general taxonomic /functional group, e.g., limpets). The macroalgae forming a matrix of low-lying mats (usually < 1 cm in height) were referred to as turf. Mean taxa abundance was quantified at the study sites using the transect-quadrat method. Percent cover of sessile taxa and the density of mobile macrofauna were counted in a 0.25 m2 (50 × 50 cm) quadrat (divided into 100, 5 × 5 cm, sub-squares). The quadrat was placed haphazardly along a 50 m transect laid parallel to the water edge at each shore level/zone (n= 15 quadrats per transect). To ensure resampling on the exact transect position, the ends of the line transects were marked with stainless-steel bolts. The vermetid reef was divided into four zones. Two were on the platform flat itself, which is found at the low-shore level: one was at the platform seaward 'edge' zone, the area where a rim formed by the vermetid Dendropoma anguliferum still exists in some sites, and the platform flat 'center', normally two to three meters inwards from the edge. The center in most sites is characterized by a shallow basin (5-10 cm deep) that normally holds water during low tide and calm sea conditions. In the event that a quadrat was haphazardly placed on deep plot of reef (i.e. in a tidepool or pothole) it was repositioned, as these deeper sections mostly represent a subtidal, and where (under normal sea conditions) benthic cover is difficult to assess. The other two zones represent different heights along the mid-shore level at the back of the platform which varied among sites in its degree of slope angle. The 'Mid-mid' zone, is located several centimeters above the platform flat and out of the water during calm conditions even when water is held by the platform during low tide, and the 'High-mid' zone, ~20-30 cm above the Mid-mid zone
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Shell Shocked: a peak into the thermal tolerance and shell utilization of Clibanarius erythropus
No full textThermal tolerance of species has become a topic of increasing interest due to climate change and global warming. This type of data is important for identifying vulnerable species and establishing management strategies. In this study, the thermal tolerance and shell utilization were investigated for the Mediterranean intertidal hermit crab, Clibanarius erythropus in the fast warming southeastern Mediterranean Sea. The thermal tolerance was determined using two methods 1) the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and 2) physiological performance, with the change in respiration rates used as a performance parameter. Additionally, CTMax was tested for three other intertidal species: the crab Eriphia verrucosa, topshell snail Phorcus turbinatus, and snail Pisania striata in order to make a comparison between the hermit crab and other members of its habitat. It was hypothesized that C. erythropus will have a higher thermal tolerance than the other species in their habitat, and that the size of the hermit crab will correlate with the size of the occupied shell. As expected, the CTMax of C. erythropus (38.8 °C) was found to be higher than the other species. This was followed by E. verrucosa at 37.93 °C, P. striata at 37.48 °C, and P. turbinatus which had a considerably lower value at 34.19 °C. Additionally, C. erythropus was the only species that was found to have a positive thermal safety margin (TSM). The weight of the occupied shell was found to have a significant correlation with the size of the hermit crab. These findings indicate that this species of hermit crab may be better equipped to handle continuous regional warming and intensification of extreme events than the other tested native species. Future work should focus also on other proxies for thermal performance such as degree of mobility and juvenile thermal tolerance.As alterações climáticas têm sido alvo de grande preocupação no seio da comunidade científica global. Alguns cientistas argumentam que as condições ambientais em algumas comunidades estão a mudar antes que tenhamos tempo para estabelecer uma compreensão firme da linha de base. Apesar dos inúmeros estudos destinados a melhorar a nossa compreensão do planeta, existe um consenso de que são necessários mais esforços. Esta informação é imprescindível para obter uma avaliação abrangente do nosso estado atual e para nos equiparmos com as ferramentas necessárias para prever a nossa trajetória futura. As alterações climáticas são um desafio dinâmico e multifacetado que exige investigação contínua, colaboração internacional e esforços concertados para mitigar os seus impactos. O desenvolvimento de uma sólida compreensão do estado atual do ambiente e a utilização de ferramentas preditivas são componentes essenciais para abordar esta questão crítica e moldar um futuro mais sustentável. A temperatura é um dos fatores bióticos mais influentes nos ecossistemas. Pode modificar profundamente a atividade, o crescimento e a reprodução de um indivíduo, afetando em última análise a distribuição global, a fenologia e a estrutura da cadeia alimentar de uma espécie. Existem muitos habitats que hospedam organismos que vivem já em condições onde um ligeiro aumento de temperatura afetaria negativamente a sua performance. A “tolerância térmica”, os “limites térmicos” e a “margem de segurança térmica” servem como medidas que permitem aos cientistas discernir quais as espécies que são mais susceptíveis aos desafios colocados pelas alterações climáticas. A margem de segurança térmica é uma medida que explica o grau de vulnerabilidade que uma espécie pode enfrentar e dependerá, em última análise, dos seus limites térmicos, resposta de aclimatação e potencial de adaptação genética. No entanto, estes dados ainda são em grande parte desconhecidos para a maioria das espécies. Entre os habitats suscetíveis de serem afetados mais cedo por um aumento da temperatura encontra-se a zona entre-marés, situada nas margens entre os reinos terrestre e marinho. As espécies que habitam esta zona experimentam mudanças fortes, e por vezes extremas, nas condições ambientais. Por conseguinte, os organismos intertidais podem estar mais bem adaptados e ser mais resilientes às alterações ambientais que se prevê que ocorram devido às alterações climáticas. No entanto, é importante notar que estes organismos podem já estar a viver em temperaturas iguais ou mesmo acima do seu ótimo térmico. Mudanças na distribuição global e eventos de mortalidade em massa têm sido documentados entre espécies entremarés que exemplificam a pressão térmica que alguns desses organismos estão sofrendo. Este estudo centra-se no caranguejo eremita intertidal mediterrânico, Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818) como um esforço para obter informações sobre a ecologia e tolerância térmica de uma espécie pouco estudada ao longo da costa israelita. Um dos objetivos foi explorar a relação entre o tamanho do caranguejo e o tamanho da concha de uma população de C. erythropus intertidais medindo o comprimento e o peso de uma amostra de caranguejos em referência ao comprimento e peso de suas conchas ocupadas. O comprimento foi medido com aproximação de 0,01 cm e o peso com aproximação de 0,001 g. Outro objetivo foi testar a tolerância térmica desta espécie através de várias experiências. Um experimento foi projetado para investigar o desempenho térmico, medindo a mudança na taxa metabólica de C. erythropus quando submetido a uma gama de temperaturas da água. Este foi testado a curto prazo (6,5 dias) e a longo prazo (13,5 dias) através da simulação de uma gama de condições de temperatura num mesocosmo ao ar livre no Instituto de Investigação Oceanográfica e Limnológica de Israel (IOLR). Um experimento final utilizou o método dinâmico para avaliar e comparar o CTMax de C. erythropus com três outras espécies (Eriphia verrucosa, Phorcus turbinatus e Pisania striata) que podem ser encontradas dentro da zona entremarés israelense. Supõe-se que o tamanho dos caranguejos afetará o tamanho das conchas que eles escolherem habitar. Supõe-se também que estes caranguejos eremitas terão uma maior tolerância térmica e estarão mais bem equipados para suportar o aumento das temperaturas oceânicas do que outras espécies dentro do mesmo habitat. Como esperado, o CTMax de C. erythropus (38,8 °C) foi superior ao das demais espécies. Isto foi seguido por E. verrucosa a 37,93 °C e depois P. striata a 37,48 °C, que apresentaram valores de CTMax semelhantes, enquanto P. turbinatus teve o valor mais baixo com 34,19 °C. Além disso, C. erythropus foi a única espécie que apresentou margem de segurança térmica (TSM) positiva, quando apresentada com temperaturas máximas de habitat de 38 °C. Descobriu-se que o peso da concha ocupada tinha uma correlação significativa com o tamanho do caranguejo eremita, mas o comprimento da concha não tinha uma correlação significativa. Embora exista uma correlação significativa entre o peso da concha e o tamanho do respectivo caranguejo as regressões lineares não são bem ajustadas o que pode indicar que existem outros factores que influenciam a selecção das conchas. Estas descobertas indicam que esta espécie de caranguejo eremita pode estar mais bem equipada para lidar com o aquecimento regional contínuo e a intensificação de eventos extremos, do que outras espécies com as quais partilha o habitat. No entanto, existem também outros factores (por exemplo, grau de mobilidade e tolerância térmica juvenil) que também podem influenciar o seu sucesso. Embora o aumento da temperatura da superfície do mar seja um tema crescente de discussão, o mínimo térmico crítico também deve ser explorado para estas espécies, em estudos futuros, uma vez que as temperaturas das poças de maré isoladas podem cair consideravelmente durante as noites frias, causando stress pelo frio e até mortalidade. Além disso, mais pesquisas devem ser feitas para testar a tolerância térmica de indivíduos que variam em estágios de desenvolvimento e zonas de maré (por exemplo, intertidal vs. subtidal), uma vez que os valores CTMax deste estudo podem não refletir uma análise abrangente de cada espécie devido ao teste exclusivo de indivíduos adultos entremarés
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Biodiversity monitoring in rocky shores: Challenges of devising a globally applicable and cost-effective protocol
Full text linkLarge-scale coastal monitoring programs that focus on long-term inter-annual and seasonal community vari ability are rare mostly because they are costly, logistically complex and require coordination by groups of dedicated scientists. The Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) is currently developing a regional collaboration throughout the American continent to collect biological data in coastal habitats using common methodologies and sharing best practices. The goal of this paper is to compare two survey methods with con trasting field time demands (i.e. in situ collected data vs. photoquadrats), identify the scales at which they may differ, and determine the convenience and suitability for their use in large-scale standardized biodiversity studies on rocky intertidal shores. Visual quadrat (VQ) data collected in the field was compared with data obtained from photographs of those same quadrats (PQ) digitally analyzed at three intertidal levels within two sites during four different times of the year. Analysis by site showed a seasonal effect in all shore levels and an effect of methods only at the low intertidal level at both sites. The PQ method is a reliable, cheap and time efficient tool for the long-term study of rocky intertidal communities. It is capable of detecting the spatial and temporal variability as the VQ method at various scales including tidal height, time of the year and site. We suggest the use of the mid intertidal level as the standardized sampling zone across latitudes on the basis of having higher diversity than the high intertidal, more sampling time than the low intertidal level, and being more affected by climate change both through changes in the air (temperature and wind) and in the ocean (warming and acidification). This study provides empirical evidence that a simple, low-cost and low-tech method may offer the required information that large-scale monitoring programs need.Fil: Livore, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; ArgentinaFil: Mendez, María Martha. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Miloslavich, Patricia. University of Delaware; Estados Unidos. Universidad Simón Bolívar; VenezuelaFil: Rilov, Gil. Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research; IsraelFil: Bigatti, Gregorio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina. Universidad Espíritu Santo; Ecuado
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