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Exploring cyclosporine A-side effects and the protective role-played by antioxidants: the morphological and immunohistochemical studies
Full text linkCyclosporine A (CsA) is the
immunosuppressor most frequently used in transplant
surgery and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases,
because of its specific inhibiting effect on the signal
transduction pathways of cell T receptor. It has been
shown that CsA is able to generate reactive oxygen
species and lipid peroxidation, which are directly
involved in the CsA nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and
cardiotoxicity. So, the use of antioxidants seems to be a
useful tool in attempting to reduce CsA adverse effects.
The aim of this review is to summarise the general
aspect of CsA, the classification of antioxidants, their
mechanism of action and their administration for
improving CsA side effects.
The protective role of different antioxidants has been
evaluated on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. It has been
shown that the antioxidants, improved the morphological
renal cytoarchitecture, increased the antioxidant enzyme
content, decreased lipid peroxidation and reactive
species oxygen (ROS).
The protective role of antioxidants was also found in
CsA hepatotoxicity and was related to the increase in
antioxidant capacity of hepatic tissue, which was
responsible for ameliorating hepatic morphology.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that CsA induces
side effects on the heart but the data to this purpose are
very few and also the number of results on the protective
role played by antioxidants it is very limited.
In conclusion, not only do these observations
provide insight into the intricate mechanism of CsA
adverse effects, but they also present novel opportunities
for the design and development of more effective
therapeutic strategies against negative effect
Immunohistochemical study of neurons in the rat abducens nucleus that project to the flocculus
No full textThe neurons of the rat abducens nucleus that project to the flocculus of the cerebellum were studied by double labelling using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. Double-labelled cells were present bilaterally in the dorsal and dorsomedial zones of the cranial pole of the nucleus. They represented about half of the total number of HRP-positive neurons. These findings show the existence of a bilateral projection from the abducens nucleus to the flocculus which uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. This projection could be part of the system of nerve circuits through which the cerebellum modulates visual activities
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