1,720,996 research outputs found
Advanced nanotechnology for enhancing immune checkpoint blockade therapy
Get PDFImmune checkpoint receptor signaling pathways constitute a prominent class of “immune synapse,” a cell‐to‐cell connection that represses T‐lymphocyte effector functions. As a possible evolutionary countermeasure against autoimmunity, this strategy is aimed at lowering potential injury to uninfected cells in infected tissues and at minimizing systemic inflammation. Nevertheless, tumors can make use of these strategies to escape immune recognition, and consequently, such mechanisms represent chances for immunotherapy intervention. Recent years have witnessed the advance of pharmaceutical nanotechnology, or nanomedicine, as a possible strategy to ameliorate immunotherapy technical weaknesses thanks to its intrinsic biophysical properties and multifunctional modifying capability. To improve the long‐lasting response rate of checkpoint blockade therapy, nanotechnology has been employed at first for the delivery of single checkpoint inhibitors. Further, while therapy via single immune checkpoint blockade determines resistance and a restricted period of response, strong interest has been raised to efficiently deliver immunomodulators targeting different inhibitory pathways or both inhibitory and costimulatory pathways. In this review, the partially explored promise in implementation of nanotechnology to improve the success of immune checkpoint therapy and solve the limitations of single immune checkpoint inhibitors is debated. We first present the fundamental elements of the immune checkpoint pathways and then outline recent promising results of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in combination with nanotechnology delivery systems
OMEGA 3 HAS A BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY, BUT CANNOT REVERSE THE EFFECT OF STRESSFUL FORCED EXERCISE
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ENDOTHELIAL CYTOCHROME P450 CONTRIBUTES TO THE ACETYLCHOLINE-INDUCED CARDIODEPRESSION IN ISOLATED RAT HEARTS
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Preconditioning cardioprotection and exercise performance: a radical point of view
Get PDFIt is well known that regular exercise training can reduce the incidence of coronary events and increase survival chances after myocardial infarction. Myocardial beneficial effects are due to the reduction of several cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, obesity, etc. Moreover, exercise can reproduce the so-called “preconditioning”: the capacity of brief periods of ischemia to induce myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pre- and postconditioning of the myocardium are two treatment strategies that considerably reduce post-ischemic contractile dysfunction and the amount of necrosis. Paradoxically, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) have been identified as essential cardioprotective signaling molecules, in either pre- or postconditioning phenomena. Several clues demonstrate that preconditioning may be directly induced by exercise, thus leading to a protective phenotype at cardiac level without the necessity of causing ischemia. Also exercise appears to act as a physiological redox-sensitive stress that induces antioxidant beneficial myocardial adaptive responses at cellular level. The purpose of the present work is to review the role played by factors released during exercise in improving exercise performance and in triggering cardioprotection via a redox-sensitive mechanis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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