1,720,982 research outputs found
The more you spend, the more you get? The effects of R&D and capital expenditures on the patenting activities of biotechnology firms
No full textThis paper provides evidence on the mechanisms influencing the patent output of a sample of small and large, entrepreneurial and established biotechnology firms from the input of indirect knowledge acquired from capital expenditures and direct knowledge from in-house R&D. Statistical models of counts are used to analyse the relationship between patent applications and R&D investment and capital expenditures. It focuses on biotechnology in the period 2002-2007 and is based on a unique data set drawn from various sources including the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, the European Patent Office (EPO), the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO/PCT).
The statistical models employed in the paper are Poisson distribution generalisations with the actual distribution of patent counts fitting the negative binomial distribution and gamma distribution very well.
Findings support the idea that capital expenditures – taken as equivalent to technical change embodied in new machinery and capital equipment - may also play a crucial role in the development of new patentable items from scientific companies. For EPO patents, this role appears even more important than that played by R&D investment. The overall picture emerging from our analysis of the determinants of patenting in biotechnology is that the innovation process involves a well balanced combination of inputs from both R&D and new machinery and capital equipment
Una verifica della legge di Gibrat
No full textConfrontando due periodi distinti e caratterizzati da differenti condizioni macroeconomiche (1984-1991 e 1994-2001) viene analizzata, per il Veneto, la relazione tra caratteristiche individuali delle imprese (età e dimensione) e loro probabilità di sopravvivenza. L'analisi è incentrata su due tipici settori di specializzazione della regione, il "fashion" (tessile, abbigliamento, pelli cuoio e calzature) e la meccanica. Da un punto di vista metodologico, la relazione di interesse viene studiata utilizzando la procedura a due stadi di Heckman
Politiche per l'imprenditorialità e self-employment: un'analisi territoriale
No full textQuesto lavoro presenta una ricognizione sistematica delle politiche regionali a sostegno della formazione di nuove imprese tra il 1977 e il 2005, e i risultati di un esercizio di valutazione (per il periodo 1997-2003) del loro impatto su entrata lorda, uscita e entrata netta nelle province italiane. L’analisi è svolta in riferimento, oltre che alla dimensione territoriale, a sei settori: Industria manifatturiera, Costruzioni, Commercio, Alberghi e ristoranti, Trasporti, Servizi finanziari. Contestualmente alla valutazione dell’efficacia delle politiche, viene eseguita un’analisi dell’influenza del tasso di disoccupazione sulla demografia d’impresa, controllando anche per una serie di fattori specifici rispetto al territorio quali la crescita economica, il valore aggiunto pro-capite, la presenza di grandi aree metropolitane e di distretti industriali, il livello dei salari. I risultati indicano che gli effetti diretti dei sussidi o degli incentivi fiscali sia sull’entrata lorda che sull’entrata netta sono in prevalenza non significativi, mentre quelli della disoccupazione sull’uscita e sull’entrata netta dipendono dal settore considerato, anche se risultano prevalentemente negativi. Questo suggerisce che le politiche a sostegno dell’entrata influenzano marginalmente il meccanismo che regola la dinamica d’impresa a livello locale e settoriale, nonché una sostanziale carenza di dinamismo sui mercati del lavoro provinciali che rende gli individui poco disponibili a passare da uno status occupazionale ad un altro
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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