1,721,150 research outputs found
Rotational Raman scattering as a source of polarized radiation for the calibration of polarization-based Thomson scattering
No full textWe discuss the use of rotational Raman scattering as a possible technique for the calibration of polarization based plasma diagnostics such as the polarimetric Thomson scattering (TS) systems proposed for the measurement of electron density ne and temperature Te in very hot fusion plasmas. First by using the Stokes vector formalism, we calculate the Mueller matrix of rotational Raman scattering from a diatomic gas (such as H2, D2 and N2) for a generic scattering angle and then we use it to describe in detail the polarization characteristics of the Raman radiation available in the typical conditions of a TS system in a fusion plasma. Then we consider the various experimental set-ups proposed for polarimetric TS and show that rotational Raman scattering can generate radiation with known intensity and polarization states that, although not equal to those of the TS radiation, are suitable for the calibration of polarimetric TS diagnostics. Finally we point out that in fusion experiments Raman polarimetry may be of interest also for the calibration of other polarization-based measurement systems, such as the motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostics
Characterization of fast microchannel plate photomultipliers for the ITER core LIDAR Thomson scattering system
No full textIn the new ITER core LIDAR Thomson scattering system under development, detectors with pulse response as low as 330 ps and 10 mm diameter active area, covering with good sensitivity the spectral range 380–1100 nm will be necessary. For the visible region 400–750 nm, fast microchannel plate photomultipliers with a GaAsP photocathode that fulfill the characteristics of speed, sensitivity and active area are already commercially available and have been recently characterized for operation in the JET edge LIDAR Thomson scattering system. In this paper we present a further characterization of these devices to evaluate their usefulness in the more demanding operating conditions of the ITER core LIDAR Thomson scattering system. The characteristics of these detectors with regard to linearity, gain recovery time, pulse repetition rate, quantum efficiency and response time for large F-number illumination, have been measured. Linearity and recovery time data have been interpreted according to a new, time dependent, microchannel plate operational model. The results show that these detectors are suitable also for use in ITER
Dual-laser calibration of Thomson scattering systems in ITER and RFX-mod
No full textWe first review the principles of the dual-laser calibration technique for measuring the relative sensitivities of the spectral channels in a Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostic system by detecting with the same spectrometer the spectra scattered by the same plasma volume from two laser pulses of different wavelengths. A new data analysis method is then introduced, based on the minimization of a single χ2 function, that provides a simpler and more convenient way to determine the measurement errors on the calibration coefficients. The new analysis method is used here to investigate the expected performances of this calibration technique in the core LIDAR TS system of ITER currently under design and in the conventional multipoint TS system of RFX-mod. By calculating the expected calibration errors for typical plasma scenarios we discuss the different possible choices of the calibration laser, the characteristics of the calibrating plasma and other system parameters with an impact on the application of the technique. For ITER core LIDAR TS, designed with Nd:YAG at 1064 nm as main laser, a ruby laser shows slightly better performances as a calibration laser compared with a second harmonic Nd:YAG and a calibration accuracy ∼1% can be achieved in a relatively small number of pairs of laser pulses. In RFX-mod the combination of a Nd:YAG and a Nd:YLF laser systems is the only viable choice, and we find that, in spite of the small difference between the two wavelengths (λ = 1064 nm and λ = 1053 nm, respectively), dual-laser calibration is still possible to the required accuracy with an affordable number of pairs of laser shots
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No full textDual-angle, self-calibrating Thomson scattering measurements in RFX-MOD
No full textIn the multipoint Thomson scattering (TS) system of the RFX-MOD experiment the signals from a few spatial positions can be observed simultaneously under two different scattering angles. In addition the detection system uses optical multiplexing by signal delays in fiber optic cables of different length so that the two sets of TS signals can be observed by the same polychromator. Owing to the dependence of the TS spectrum on the scattering angle, it was then possible to implement self-calibrating TS measurements in which the electron temperature Te, the electron density ne and the relative calibration coefficients of spectral channels sensitivity Ci were simultaneously determined by a suitable analysis of the two sets of TS data collected at the two angles. The analysis has shown that, in spite of the small difference in the spectra obtained at the two angles, reliable values of the relative calibration coefficients can be determined by the analysis of good S/N dual‐angle spectra recorded in a few tens of plasma shots. This analysis suggests that in RFX-MOD the calibration of the entire set of TS polychromators by means of the similar, dual-laser (Nd:YAG/Nd:YLF) TS technique, should be feasible
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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