141 research outputs found
RAPOPORT H. F., FABBRI A., SEBASTIANI L., 2016. Olive Biology. In Rugini, E., Baldoni, L., Muleo, R., Sebastiani, L. (Eds.), “The Olive Genome”, pp. 13-26. Springer, Heidelberg.
No full textThe olive is a medium-sized evergreen tree, which integrates a unique set
of morphological and developmental characteristics suited to the relatively
dry, rustic conditions of its Mediterranean origin. Also particular to the
olive tree are its numerous small fruits, which are rich in oil that is highly
appreciated for both flavor and health benefits. The Olea europaea species
includes both wild and cultivated forms, and both a long period of
domestication and the perseverance of wild varieties provide a range of
morphological variation, as does the developmental plasticity of this
species. This chapter reviews the general growth and taxonomy of the
olive tree and describes its vegetative and reproductive morphology and
anatomy. Basic structural features of the trunk and branches, leaves, roots,
flowers, fruits, and seeds are described. Current research is indicated for
the structures discussed, and information provided regarding adaptive
significance, environmental influences, and genetically based variability
among cultivars or between wild and cultivated genotypes
Plasticity of plant development in apricot as determined by genome and surrounding light. Iacona C, Cirilli M, Silvestri C, Pistelli L., Muleo R
No full textsee pd
Using genome plasticity to generate in Vitro Rootstocks Tolerant Waterlogging in Vivo. Muleo R, Iacona C, Pistelli L., Cirilli M, Silvestri C
No full textsee pd
Regeneration and selection of quince BA29 (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)somaclones tolerant to lime-induced chlorosis
No full textQuince is the most used rootstock in Italian pear orchards, but due to the its high susceptibility to calcareous soils it induces widespread chlorosis problems on the grafted pear cultivars. Until recently, the common breeding techniques have not allowed the simple production of tolerant quince selections. Thus, somaclonal variation, and the large genetic variability brought about during the in vitro processes, might be a suitable tool to obtain genotypes with better agronomic characteristics. The aim of the present research was to induce in vitro regeneration of quince shoots under Fe-limiting conditions from leaves (of quince clone ‘BA29’), and subsequently to evaluate their tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis. Leaves of explants were placed onto MS medium supplemented with TDZ and NAA, and the selective pressure conditions were obtained by reducing the normal MS iron content and/or by adding different concentrations of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3). Selective conditions decreased both the percentage of shoot-forming leaves and the mean number of shoots per organogenetic leaf, as the iron content was reduced and/or the KHCO3 content was increased. A discrete number of putative somaclones, showing a range of severe chlorosis symptoms compared to a wild type clone, were chosen by visual assessments, and further tests were conducted under reduced amounts of Fe and the presence of 1.0 mM of KHCO3 conditions. DB-34 somaclone seemed to be the most promising one, because its chlorophyll content did not reduce as happened in the other somaclones and with the wild type clone. Stress conditions affected only the Fe2+ content of the DB-43 somaclone, even if under normal conditions the Fe2+ content was much higher than with all the other accessions. On the contrary, the medium acidification capacity of all somaclones was influenced similarly by treatments. A preliminary in vivo test confirmed these results. Moreover, preliminary RAPDs analyses disclosed polymorphism within the somaclones and among them and the wt clone. The sequence of chloroplastic protein D1, codified by the psbA gene, was determined in quince ‘BA29’ and pear ‘Conference’ to predict its hypothetical functions. Sequences showed differences in length and in amino acidic composition. In quince, the main modification is located in the ‘191’ position where tyrosine substitutes histidine, causing a loss of one of the iron-binding sites
Cultivar-specific adaptation of growth and photosynthetic activity in developing apricot dense canopies
No full textLight is the most important environmental factor for plants, which are not able to modify the surrounding habitat. Many distinct features, such as light intensity and light quality, change in shade habitats, because of neighbouring vegetation, increased far-red (FR) light, reduced blue (B) and red light (R) and decreasing photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and these have a direct effect on photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis. In apricot cultivar populations, a wide range of growth habit ideotypes are revised: from upright, standard, to open and spreading. To ascertain if the modified light quality surrounding the plant affects photosynthetic activity and habit development of four cultivars, potted plants were grown in dense-community canopies and in an open-clearing habitat. The assimilation rate differed between genotypes and was also influenced strongly by the proximity signal generated by neighbouring plants inside the canopies. Based on the observed results, all genotypes showed a strong plasticity adaptation to the open-clearing and dense-community growth habitats. Individual genotypes differ from each other in their capacity to adapt their photosynthetic system and morphological growth traits under community-canopy conditions, in relation to their intrinsic fitness strategy in shade habitats
The effect of light quality on anther culture of Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.
No full textThis pre lim i nary re search re ports re sults on the in flu ence of light qual ity on an ther cul ture of Cit rus clementina Hort. ex Tan., cultivar Nules. Af ter one month of cul ti va tion in dark - ness, four light quali ties were tested: White, Red, Far-Red and Blue. Con tin u ous Dark ness and White light un der photoperiod of 16 hrs were used as a con trol con di tions. Ga metic embryoids and embryogenic cal lus were ob tained only un der photoperiodic con di tions of White light, sug gest ing that the al - ter na tion of light and dark can be used for the pro cess of ga - metic embryogenesis in Cit rus
Physiological dissection of blue and red light regulation of apical dominance and branching in M9 apple rootstock growing in vitro
No full textThis paper presents the results of the interaction of red light (R) with blue light (B), applied to shoots of M9 apple (Malus pumila paradisiaca Schmid) rootstock, on the regulation of stem growth, apical dominance and branching. These results are compared with the active form of phytochromes (PHYs) under monochromatic and dichromatic light treatments. The inhibition of internode elongation was determined by PHY photoequilibrium, with the additional effect of B, by means of a separate photoreceptor. The development of phytomers appeared to be primarily due to the active form of PHY, with a marginal effect from B. Shoot growth, which combines internode elongation and development of the phytomer, was highest under R and lowest under B and far red light (FR), showing the largely positive role of PHY photoequilibrium. Under FR, reduced stem elongation was due to the very small number of phytomers formed. Apical dominance was inhibited, while branching was increased under R, corresponding to the highest values of PHY photoequilibrium determined. Apical dominance was increased and branching was reduced by B, indicating a complex interaction between PHY and B receptor. In the shoot cluster system, photomorphogenic behavior was dependent on the time of exposure to the different light qualities. The information gained from the study will be helpful in improving the set up of in vitro growth light conditions, and in providing useful insights into research of the development of the woody plant canopy, an important factor in ecological plant communities. © 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserve
Morpho-physiological approaches to investigate lime-induced chlorosis in deciduous fruit trees species
No full textSeveral deciduous fruit tree species are affected by iron chlorosis when grown in calcareous soils and worldwide research on rootstock breeding and screening in relation to iron deficiency is carried out. For many years the goal of our department has been to investigate morphological and physiological aspects related to lime‐induced chlorosis, and to identify markers usable as tools for tolerance screening of clonal rootstocks. Experimental strategies using pot, hydroponic and in vitro culture have been used to understand if they are able to originate suitable indicators on developmental and biochemical changes resulting from iron deficiency. Results risen up from in vitro trials suggest that iron deficiency sensitive system should work in a divergent way from that of bicarbonate system. Physiological and morphological data highlight diverse syndromes and behaviors among the genotypes, probably reflecting properly perception, regulation, and activation of biological answer system to iron deficiency and bicarbonate. Recently, quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) minus‐ and plus‐variants have been obtained by in vitro somaclonal variation to clarify the agonistic relationship between bicarbonate and iron deficiency sensitive systems, that in turn can induce the activation of two specific gene expression pathways
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