1,721,101 research outputs found
Job search networks and labour market outcomes of immigrants in Italy
Full text linkThe growing migratory pressure that many European countries have been experiencing is stressing the emergence of questions in terms of socio-economic inequalities that these demographic processes are able to generate.
This work concentrates on immigrants’ behaviour in the labour market, as one of the spheres of their integration in the host country, and focuses on Italy, a country that for few decades has been experiencing a transition from emigration to immigration area.
It is relevant, when labour market outcomes of immigrants are considered, to adopt a dynamic perspective, rather than a static one. Indeed, immigrants follow pathways, usually interrelated, that move forward in time: from migration decision to entrance into the destination country; from arrival to employment and then to further careers and occupational trajectories.
One of the main approaches to this problem has explored the impact of immigrants’ human capital on their wages, that in a dynamic perspective has allowed the emergence of a theory of assimilation (Chiswick 1978).
By contrast, a different approach considers immigrants not only as a function of their individual characteristics, but rather as belonging to a relational structure able to determine their economic outcomes and the characteristics of their incorporation in the host society (Portes 1995, Waldinger 2005). This relational structure can be directly related to the labour market: on the one hand it is possible that immigrants rely on very dense networks based on reciprocity principles that facilitate the flow of work-relevant information (Portes and Sensenbrenner 1993); on the other hand the same migratory networks, as being related to redundant information, can accelerate processes of employment concentration within specific occupational niches (Waldinger 1994).
Following this research approach some studies have explored the issue of job search and finding methods of immigrants, emphasising how they are connected to resources that are not equally distributed in the labour market. However almost none of them investigates the difference between multiple informal methods, that allows to account for the quality of the contact person. On this respect it has been observed that immigrants who establish connections and relationships with the native population obtain higher wages and better occupations (Lancee 2012, 2015).
This work analyses the relationship between job search networks and labour market outcomes and addresses three hypotheses:
1. Ethnic networks have a relevant impact on the transition to employment of new immigrants in Italy. Informal job finding methods based on contacts with relatives and other immigrants cut down on the duration between entrance in Italy and access to the first job. By contrast, those immigrants that rely mainly on formal methods or contacts with the native population experience a longer transition to employment.
2. Ethic networks also affect the quality of the transition to work. Especially, informal job finding methods based on contacts with immigrant acquaintances, on respect to contacts with the native population, are associated with a higher risk of access irregular and also lower qualified first jobs.
3. The relationship between ethnic job search networks and lower quality occupations is not constant over time, since ethnic contacts change and become more diversified. It is stronger when the first job is considered and less effective when subsequent jobs are observed.
In order to analyse these aspects, data from the Italian survey “Condizione e Integrazione Sociale degli Stranieri in Italia” have been explored. It represents a recent survey conducted by Istat in 2011-2012, exclusively on the resident population without citizenship or born abroad. The individual data-set collects relevant retrospective information on working histories and migratory pathways of respondents. First, it records information on two points in time of their working experience: the first job and the current labour market condition. Second, it collects dates of these points and of immigrant’s arrival. Moreover the data contain extensive information on formal and informal job search and finding methods of individuals. Especially, the information allows to account for more than one informal method: the contact person can be identified as a relative, as a co-ethnic acquaintance, or as an Italian one.
The transition to employment is modelled using event history analysis, in order to observe if the transition rate is affected by different job finding methods, given a set of socio-demographic characteristics. The possibility to arrive at different jobs is developed through competing risks models that account for multiple destinations. Finally the comparison between the quality of first and second jobs is carried out through discrete choice models produced for the first and for the second job.
All the analyses differentiate male and female immigrants, since they are usually employed in different segments of the labour market. This is particularly true in Italy, where the largest majority of female immigrants are care and domestic workers. Moreover the study accounts for many groups of immigrants, both European and non-European
Come si trova lavoro in Lombardia: un confronto fra italiani e immigrati
Full text linkUtilizzando i dati dell'indagine Istat sulle forze lavoro, in riferimento alla Regione Lombardia, il poster delinea un'analisi comparata fra immigrati e nativi sui metodi di reperimento del lavoro, approfondendo le differenze per istruzione e gli esiti occupazionali
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Ultrasonic root-end preparation : influence of cutting angle on the apical seal
No full textApical resection is fundamental in obtaining a correct apical seal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how the apical root resection angle and the cavity made by ultrasonic retrotips may influence the apical seal. A total of 48 extracted teeth were endodontically treated and sealed by guttapercha vertical compaction: 24 were resected with a 45° angle and 24 with a 90° one. An ultrasound source (P.M. 400 EMS) and a CT5 Scaler were used to make the retrograde cavity that was filled afterwards with EBA-zinc oxide-eugenol alumina-added cement. Apical leakage was determined using fuchsin and assessed after the roots were sectioned longitudinally. Linear dye penetration in dentin and at the interface between dentin and cement was measured with a stereomicroscope (×12 magnification), and the results were statistically analyzed.
Results showed that there was less infiltration both in dentin and in the space between the filling and the dentinal wall in the group with the 90° angle, but this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) only for the dentin. None of the samples showed leakage greater than the depth of the preparation. An apical cavity of 3 mm or more along the vertical axis can produce a safe and effective seal
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