75 research outputs found
The Supply of Foreign Direct Investment Incentives: Subsidy Competition in an Oligopolistic Framework
No full textThis paper examines the microeconomic motivation of governments to provide tax incentives for foreign direct investment. Author applies the classical models of oligopoly to subsidy competition, endogenousing investment incentives, but leaving tax rates exogenous. According to the conventional wisdom, subsidy competition leads to overprovision of incentives. This paper suggests that, in the oligopolistic framework, supranational coordination can either decrease or increase the supply of subsidies. Further, in the setting of subsidy regulation, the host country's corporate income tax rate has an ambiguous effect on the provision of incentives.Investment incentives, Subsidy competition, Productivity spillovers, Oligopoly, Foreign direct investment, Multinational corporations
The First Emperor According to N.G. Chernyshevsky, the Father of Russian Socialism
No full textIn this article, the author reconstructs the various stages of the formation, in the mid-nineteenth century, of the original criticism of the work of Peter the Great and the effects of his reforms by Nikolaj Gavrilovič Černyševskij, one of the fathers of Russian socialism. For Černyševskij, Peter had not represented that deviation from the course of history of the country that admirers and detractors alike spoke of. Černyševskij recognized in the reforming tsar an exception. Certainly the tsar had introduced some spectacular reforms of customs in the Western sense, which had changed the face of Russia involving a thin layer of the population. However, his impetuous reforms had not solved any of the country's problems. As Chernyshevsky would say in 1861, Peter, as a true Russian (istinno russkim čelovekom), in the wake of a policy of expansion that united him with the other tsars of Muscovy, had only created a strong army, allowing Russia to wage war successfully and to compete on the international scene to the point of becoming part of the concert of European states
The Paris of Peter the Great
No full textThis article considers the cultural aspect of Peter I’s visit to France in 1717, as well as his Paris impressions and the “lessons” he learnt during the trip. It was not his main purpose to get acquainted with the capital of France during his trip in May and June 1717. However, as it became clear that political talks were not going to be very successful, cultural contacts were brought to the fore. Referring to materials from Peter I’s library, the author concludes that Peter had prepared for the trip to Paris and arrived there already having an idea of French architecture and the landmarks of the capital. Written and printed “guidebooks” analysed by the author of the article and an album of engravings with city views help clarify the visual image of the city during the Russian tsar’s visit. Paris as it is depicted in the aforementioned engravings can be seen as a source of Peter’s dream about a new city on the Neva. Additionally, the author considers the Paris routes of Peter I described in detail by Pierre François Buchet, the editor of the Le Nouveau Mercure newspaper. The tsar was mostly interested in new buildings and monuments to monarchs. Peter I’s cultural policy was significantly influenced by his sightseeing in the French capital. Many spheres of French culture shown to the tsar by his hospitable hosts evoked Peter’s desire to create analogues on Russian soil.Рассматривается культурный аспект визита Петра I во Францию 1717 г. – парижские впечатления и «уроки» русского царя. Знакомство со столицей Франции не было главной целью его поездки в мае-июне 1717 г. Однако по мере того, как выяснялось, что политические переговоры в Париже не принесут больших успехов, на первый план стали выходить контакты в области культуры. Изучение материалов из библиотеки Петра I позволяет утверждать, что он приехал в Париж подготовленным, имеющим представление о французской архитектуре и достопримечательностях столицы. Рукописные и печатные «путеводители», а также альбом гравюр с городскими видами, описанные в статье, позволяют реконструировать образ города времени путешествия Петра Великого. В представленном на гравюрах Париже можно усмотреть один из истоков петровской мечты о новом городе на Неве. Выявлены парижские маршруты Петра I, наиболее подробно описанные издателем газеты «Le Nouveau Mercure» Пьером Франсуа Бюше. Царь более всего интересовался новыми постройками, а также памятниками монархам. Осмотр достопримечательностей французской столицы повлиял на культурную политику царя. Многие сферы французской культуры, представленные царю гостеприимными хозяевами, вызвали у Петра стремление создать их аналоги на русской почве
Брошюра XVIII в. о путешествии Петра I в Париж и ее автор
No full textThe article is devoted to an obscure Russian brochure of the 18th century, containing a chronicle of the journey of Peter the Great to Paris in 1717. Instead of the title page that anonymous edition had a description of a medal minted at the Royal Mint in the presence of the Tsar. The peculiar feature of chronicle narration of the visit is that the events of May, 1717 were described briefly with errors; however, June events were covered in more details. The author ascertained that the text of the brochure was almost completely borrowed from a book by J. Rousset de Missy “Notes on the Reign of Peter the Great” which was published in Holland in French language after Peter the Great death. The author of the book, in turn, borrowed the information from the Paris newspaper “Le Nouveau Mercure”. In several cases the Russian publisher supplemented the story on the journey with the material, quite similar to literary fiction. The author of the brochure was Andrey Andreevich Nartov (1737-1813), a well-known writer, statesman and public person in Catherine’s time. He was also the author of a collection of historical anecdotes under the title “Memorable Narrations and Speeches of Peter the Great”. Both works by Nartov were made as compilations from European sources, added by the author’s fiction
“The Founder and Father of his Empire”: Voltaire on the Peace of Nystad and the Imperial Status of Russia
No full textThe purpose of the paper is revealing the peculiarities of Voltaire’s views on the last stage of the Northern War, ended by the Treaty of Nystad, as well as presenting the specific character of the great enlightener’s evaluation of the Russian empire and its historical role. The author finds out, why Voltaire, condemning fascination with the history of wars and kings, in his two works: «The History of Charles XII» and «The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great» paid great attention to the Northern War and Peter I’s participation in it.The reasons of the French historian interest to the named subject are viewed in terms of the modern methods of historical analysis, «philosophical» basis of his views on war and civilization, features of historical presentation.The paper shows Voltaire’s change in attitude on interpretation of the military historical subjects, first covered in «The History of Charles XII» and then in «The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great». The focus of the paper is on the up to the present-day controversial issue, whether Peter I was involved in Gorth–Alberoni conspiracy, aimed at the complete political change in the appearance of Europe. The 18th century historian ultimately came to the conclusion that the Tsar had made use of Gorth’s plans as a tactic means for solving his own foreign policy problems. This point of view is shared by many contemporary historians. Peter I’s declaring Emperor was the direct consequence of victorious end of the Northern War. It was found that Voltaire drew a more optimistic picture of Peter I’s imperial title recognition, than it actually was. According to Voltaire, the specific feature of the Russian Empire, created by Peter I, lies in the fact that it was a self-civilizing empire, bringing enlightenment on the neighboring «barbaric» peoples.The author of the paper, reviewing specific cases, arrives at a conclusion, that Voltaire’s works of high confidence for their time took a worthy standing in the world historiography of the Petrine era, due to a wide range of sources, the historian’s ability for their critical assessment, his seeking to maintain a certain evaluation independence in the description of events from different perspectives, his commitment to historical truth, his talent of a writer.The work is carried out within the project, aimed at publishing a first complete scientific edition of «The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great» in Russian
The Paris of Peter the Great
No full textThe article was submitted on 27.02.2017.This article considers the cultural aspect of Peter I’s visit to France in 1717, as well as his Paris impressions and the “lessons” he learnt during the trip. It was not his main purpose to get acquainted with the capital of France during his trip in May and June 1717. However, as it became clear that political talks were not going to be very successful, cultural contacts were brought to the fore. Referring to materials from Peter I’s library, the author concludes that Peter had prepared for the trip to Paris and arrived there already having an idea of French architecture and the landmarks of the capital. Written and printed “guidebooks” analysed by the author of the article and an album of engravings with city views help clarify the visual image of the city during the Russian tsar’s visit. Paris as it is depicted in the aforementioned engravings can be seen as a source of Peter’s dream about a new city on the Neva. Additionally, the author considers the Paris routes of Peter I described in detail by Pierre François Buchet, the editor of the Le Nouveau Mercure newspaper. The tsar was mostly interested in new buildings and monuments to monarchs. Peter I’s cultural policy was significantly influenced by his sightseeing in the French capital. Many spheres of French culture shown to the tsar by his hospitable hosts evoked Peter’s desire to create analogues on Russian soil.Рассматривается культурный аспект визита Петра I во Францию 1717 г. – парижские впечатления и «уроки» русского царя. Знакомство со столицей Франции не было главной целью его поездки в мае-июне 1717 г. Однако по мере того, как выяснялось, что политические переговоры в Париже не принесут больших успехов, на первый план стали выходить контакты в области культуры. Изучение материалов из библиотеки Петра I позволяет утверждать, что он приехал в Париж подготовленным, имеющим представление о французской архитектуре и достопримечательностях столицы. Рукописные и печатные «путеводители», а также альбом гравюр с городскими видами, описанные в статье, позволяют реконструировать образ города времени путешествия Петра Великого. В представленном на гравюрах Париже можно усмотреть один из истоков петровской мечты о новом городе на Неве. Выявлены парижские маршруты Петра I, наиболее подробно описанные издателем газеты «Le Nouveau Mercure» Пьером Франсуа Бюше. Царь более всего интересовался новыми постройками, а также памятниками монархам. Осмотр достопримечательностей французской столицы повлиял на культурную политику царя. Многие сферы французской культуры, представленные царю гостеприимными хозяевами, вызвали у Петра стремление создать их аналоги на русской почве
The History of Pre-Petrine Russia as Recounted by Voltaire: The View of an Enlightened European
No full textThe article was submitted on 26.02.2020.This article analyses Voltaire’s evaluation of pre-Petrine Russia, its evolution, the sources of Voltaire’s data on medieval Muscovy, and his Russian contemporaries’ attitude to the historical work of the enlightener. The topic of Russia is touched upon in a number of Voltaire’s works: The History of Charles XII, Anecdotes of Peter the Great, Essay on the Customs and the Spirit of the Nations, and History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great. Peter I is always characterised as the “creator” of a new Russia. This idea, as well as European stereotypes of Muscovy, determined the author’s attitude to pre-Petrine Rus’. Voltaire created a picture of a barbaric society characterised by superstitions, ignorance, despotism, the enslavement of its subjects, the dominance of Asian customs, and isolation. In History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, Voltaire softens his characterisation of pre-Petrine Rus’. It no longer looks to him like a country stuck in its barbarism. Voltaire emphasises the desire of Peter’s predecessors for transformation, as a result of which the picture of medieval Russia acquires a more realistic form. On becoming acquainted with the sources, the enlightener’s observations indicate the formation of a new look at the process of civilization. The article’s author singles out issues of medieval history of Russia considered by Voltaire in his works and the sources that formed the basis of the “Russian” works of the famous French writer, paying attention to the conclusions that ultimately not only confirmed Voltaire’s new history of Russia, but also outlined novel ways to study world history.Анализируются данные Вольтером оценки допетровской России, их эволюция, источники сведений о средневековой Московии, отношение российских современников к историческим сочинениям просветителя. Русская тема представлена в нескольких исторических сочинениях Вольтера: «История Карла XII», «Анекдоты о царе Петре Великом», «Опыт о нравах и духе народов», «История Российской империи при Петре Великом». Петр I неизменно характеризовался в них как «творец» новой России. Эта идея, а также европейские стереотипы о Московии определяли отношение автора к допетровской Руси. Вольтер создавал картину варварского общества, для которого характерны суеверие, невежество, деспотизм власти и рабство подданных, господство азиатских обычаев, изоляция. В «Истории Российской империи при Петре Великом» Вольтер смягчил характеристику допетровской Руси. Она уже не выглядела у него как закостеневшая в своем варварстве страна. Вольтер отметил стремление предшественников Петра на троне к преобразованиям, в результате чего картина средневековой России приобрела более реалистические очертания. Знакомство с источниками приводило просветителя к наблюдениям, которые свидетельствуют о формировании нового взгляда на процесс цивилизации. В статье выявлены проблемы средневековой истории России, которые рассматривал в своих сочинениях Вольтер, выяснен круг источников, положенных в основу «русских» произведений знаменитого французского автора, обращено внимание на наблюдения, которые в конечном счете не только подтверждали вольтеровскую концепцию новой истории России, но и намечали новые пути в изучении всемирной истории.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках проекта № 20–09–42006
Paper VIII (iii) A Statistical approach for cracking of deposits: determination of mechanical properties
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