1,756 research outputs found
Eugene L. Morrill
No full textTypescript of a biographical sketch of Eugene Morrill, a teacher and writer who lived in,Uintah County and Tooele, Utah. Author of sketch unknown, but report has a Federal Writers Project stamp with date "Received August 8, 1940
Brief history of Alice Morrill, a Utah author, teacher, and mother
No full textTypescript of a biographical sketch of Alice Hoyt (Hayes) Morrill, a teacher and writer who lived at Tridell, Uintah County, Utah. Includes a list of her writings. Author of sketch unknown, but report has a Federal Writers Project stamp with date "Received August 8, 1940
Datasets from "Krug, L., Chatterjee, N., Borges-Monroy, R., Hearn, S., Liao, W. W., Morrill, K., Prazak, L., Rozhkov, N., Theodorou, D., Hammell, M., Dubnau, J. (2017) Retrotransposon activation contributes to neurodegeneration in a Drosophila TDP-43 model of ALS. PLoS Genet"
No full textThis contains the Excel files found in the supplementary section of "Krug, L., Chatterjee, N., Borges-Monroy, R., Hearn, S., Liao, W. W., Morrill, K., Prazak, L., Rozhkov, N., Theodorou, D., Hammell, M., Dubnau, J. (2017) Retrotransposon activation contributes to neurodegeneration in a Drosophila TDP-43 model of ALS. PLoS Genet
Porteria bunnyana Morrill & Crews & Esposito & Ramírez & Griswold 2023, SP. NOV.
No full textPORTERIA BUNNYANA SP. NOV. <p>FIGS 17C, F, 44–48</p> <p> <i>Zoobank registration</i>: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 1B86C5FA-4F0D-4A06-A187-1E50BCCAAB15.</p> <p> <i>Types:</i> Holotype male from Chile, Region IX de la Araucanía, Cautín Province, Pucón, November 6– December 1, 1989, S.A. Marshall, ‘ dung traps near lake’ (CASENT9044659), deposited in AMNH. Two paratype females from Pucón (CASENT9055695), same data.</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> Named after a street dog from Pucón, the type locality for this species, who Liz met on her first trip to Chile. We named her ‘Bunny’ because of her stumpy tail and hoppy nature. We watched the sunset together on the beach of Lago Villarrica. This species is dedicated to all the wonderful street ‘perros’ and ‘gatos’ of Chile.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Males with thick, hook-shaped DTA (as seen in lateral views, Fig. 45B, D, E) curving apicad; RTA extending from tibia at a roughly 45° angle, almost tooth like and directed toward the palp’s apex (Fig. 46B), LRTA bent, projecting ventrally perpendicular to frontal plane (Figs 45E, 46C, D, 47C); embolus base large, tip gradually tapered along prolateral margin of bulb (Figs 45B, D, 46A, B). Epigyne (Figs 45E, F, 48) with large median scape on margin of hood (Fig. 48A), lacks fleshy bulge at the back of the atrium; vulva with right and left Base 1’s almost touching, atrium ventral wall smooth, anterior margin forming two symmetrical humps outlining the spermatheca; copulatory duct straight (Figs 45G, 48B).</p> <p> <i>Description: Male</i>: based on CASENT9044659, from Pucón. Markings as in Figure 44 A-C, two yellow anterolateral lines and two pairs of median spots on dorsum of abdomen. Total length 6.16. Carapace length 1.27 times width. Clypeus height 2.25 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.63 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.25 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.03 width. Femur I 1.36 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.18 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with six teeth. Feathery hairs present on legs and palps. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d0-0-1, tarsus r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-0-2-3, patella d1-1, tibia p0-0-1-0, v2-0-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d2-3-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-1(p)-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-2-2, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d2-3- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-2-2, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1-2-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1- 1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1-1-0, metatarsus d1-1-2, p1-0-1-0, r1-0- 1-1, v1-1-2, tarsus 0-1. Male palp as in Figures 45 to 47, with four tibial apophyses: RTA extending from tibia at a 45° angle, terminating in an acute hook (Fig. 45E); LRTA bent, projecting ventrally, perpendicular to frontal plane (Figs 45E, 47C); DTA dark brown, hook like in lateral view (Fig. 45A); VTA a dark, flattened mound (Fig. 45D). Paracymbium present on the retroapical side of bulb, knob like (Fig. 46C). Tegulum dark, with large median concavity visible in retrolateral view (Fig. 46B, C). Conductor twisted tightly, bisecting the bulb, terminus blunter than in <i>P. ajimayo</i>. Embolus base dark brown and shield like; anterior margin of embolus base adjacent to narrowing embolus notched (Fig. 47A). Embolus tapered from embolus base, following prolateral margin of bulb, curved into the conductor distally (Fig. 6A, B).</p> <p>Leg measurements: leg I 14.71 (4.15, 5.1, 3.18, 2.28); leg II 13.20 (3.69, 4.22, 3.35, 1.94); leg III 12.26 (3.42, 3.69, 3.55, 1.61); leg IV 16.28 (4.29, 4.82, 5.03, 2.14); palp 7 (3.35, 2.55, –, 1.1).</p> <p> <i>Variation:</i> (<i>N</i> = 2). Total length 4.69–6.16. Carapace length 1.30–1.34 times width. Clypeus height 2.14–2.16 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.57–1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5–7.08 times clypeus height. Sternum 1–1.04 times as long as wide. Femur I 1.30–1.32 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.41–2.87 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and one to two denticles.</p> <p> <i>Description: Female</i>: based on paratype CASENT9055695, from Pucón. Markings as in Figure 44 D-F, dorsum of abdomen with bright yellow anterolateral lines with consecutive yellow patches posterior to those; two pairs of median spots, with faded chevrons posteriorly. Total length 6.8. Carapace length 1.33 times width. Clypeus height 2.29 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.75 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.07 times width. Femur I 1.07 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and two denticles. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d1-0, p1-1, r0-1-1, v2-3-2; leg I: femur d1-1(r)-1(r)-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0- 1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, leg III: femur d1(p)-1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1- 1, v2-1-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-3. Epigyne as in Figures 45F, G and 48, large, sclerotized plate with a deep, arched cavity (Fig. 48A). Scape on middle of anterior margin of hood (arch) directed posteriad, tapered and tooth like, often obscured by thick setae. Two swollen fleshy lobes posterior to cavity divided by a dark, sclerotized line (Fig. 45C). Lateral margins surrounding cavity scalloped. Copulatory openings indistinguishable within large atrium (Figs 45E, 48A). Vulva (Figs 45G, 48B) with short to medium length copulatory ducts extended posterior to anterior in a relatively straight path to spermatheca stalk, just posterior to head. Stalks relatively straight up and down, located mesad to Base 2. Head of spermatheca with pores and long glands, not well differentiated from stalk, appearing as small bulge. Pores present on lateral sides of stalk and Bennett’s gland pore present on Base 1 between Base 1 and 2 (fertilization ducts may obscure this partially). Fertilization ducts attached to Base 1 posterior margin. Base 2 surrounded by copulatory duct on lateral side, by stalk mesad, large bulging protuberance; Base 1 more amorphous in shape but identified by Bennett’s gland pore and fertilization duct attachments. Atrium ventral wall almost heart shaped with symmetrical rounded margins converging to a point and folding on the median line.</p> <p>Leg measurements: leg I 11.75 (3.20, 4.00, 2.75, 1.80); leg II 10.65 (3.05, 3.45, 2.60, 1.55); leg III 10.05 (2.85, 3.10, 2.70, 1.40); leg IV 13.05 (3.55, 4.10, 3.65, 1.75); palp 4.50 (1.40, 1.60, –, 1.50).</p> <p> <i>Variation:</i> (<i>N</i> = 2). Total length 4.89–6.83. Carapace length 1.38–1.39 times width. Clypeus height 2.40– 2.43 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43–1.50 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.33 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.15–1.23 times width. Femur I 1.00–1.07 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and denticles.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> South and Central Chile from coast to Andes; collected frequently near Pucón and Villarrica but also found farther north near Temuco and as far south as Puerto Montt. One specimen collected from Isla Chiloé (Fig. 76E).</p> <p> <i>Other material examined:</i> Region IX de la Araucania: N a h u e l b u t a N at i o n a l Pa r k, n e a r Pe h u e n c o campground, 25.8 km W Angol, S37º 49.867’, W73º00.441’, elev. 1097 m, January 25, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting along stream in native forest dominated by <i>Nothofagus</i> ’, one male, one female, CAS (CASENT9055625); Nahuelbuta National Park, Pehuenco campground, 27 km W Angol, S37º49.720’, W73º00.452’, elev. 1100 m, January 25–27, 2013, H. Wood, L. Macaulay, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in <i>Araucaria</i> / <i>Nothofagus</i> forest’, six females, CAS (CASENT9053808, 9055706); 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor de Lago, elev. 300 m. December 14, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ <i>Nothofagus</i> forest,’, FIT, 11 males, one female AMNH (CASENT9044645, 9044674, 9044676, 9044716); Princesa, 20 km west of Curacautín, elev. 1000 m, December 12, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ <i>Nothofagus</i> forest,’ four males, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044650); Cautin, Río Huachitivo, January 10, 1993, T. Cekalovic, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044658); Estero Chaulco near Río Huachitivo, October 3–31, 1992, T. Cekalovic, pitfalls, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044696); Ñielol National Park, near Temuco, elev. 250 m, December 14–20, 1982, A. Newton and M. Thayer, ‘site 652 carrion traps (squid); native forest remnant with <i>Nothofagus</i> ’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044660); Lago Caburga, 21 km NE Pucón, elev. 600 m, December 15, 1984 - February 10, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed forest remnant’, six males, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044683); Molco, Villarrica, January 24, 1988, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044694); Pucón, December 14, 1988, V. and B. Roth, three females, CAS (CASENT9020914); Pucón, November 6 - December 1, 1989, S.A. Marshall, ‘pan traps in lakeside debris’, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044655), ‘peninsula, hilltop beech’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044667), ‘near lake in drift’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044671), ‘near lake’, four males, AMNH (CASENT9044677), ‘mature forest’, three males, AMNH (CASENT9044681); Pucón Peninsula, 0.5 km W Pucón, S39º16.554’, W71º59.228’. elev. 245 m, January 24, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in disturbed native forest’, one male, seven females, CAS (CASENT9055665, 9055695,); XIV Región De Los Ríos: Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 15 m, January 23, 2013, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting at night in native forest’, one male, CAS (CASENT9055709); X Región De Los Lagos: Isla Chiloé, 5 km SW of Chonchi, February 19, 1997, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044713).</p> <p> <i>Notes:</i> Females of this species are difficult if not impossible to differentiate from those of <i>P. contulmo</i>, and there could be more cryptic species within this group. Males and females in Pucón have been collected together and have been more frequently collected together than <i>P. bunnyana</i> females and males of other species. When <i>P. bunnyana</i> females have been collected with <i>P. correcaminos</i>, a sympatric species, it has often been by flight intercepts or other long term, broadscale collecting methods, which may blur differences in temporal occurrence.</p>Published as part of <i>Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2)</i> on pages 421-426, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8007404">http://zenodo.org/record/8007404</a>
Porteria ajimayo Morrill & Crews & Esposito & Ramírez & Griswold 2023, SP. NOV.
No full textPORTERIA AJIMAYO SP.NOV. FIGS 1E, 2C, F, 4A, 13D, F, 37–42, 73 75 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 96A1E419-5BF3-4880-8B9D-6398AC69652A. Types: Holotype male and paratype female collected together on the same web, from Chile, Region IX de la Araucanía, Monumento Natural Contulmo, S38.0130º, W73.1876º, collected 19–21 December 1998 by M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo. Deposited in MHNS (ex MACN-Ar 21073). Etymology: Named after the typical Chilean condiment mixture of mayonnaise and pepper ‘aji chileno’. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis: Males of this species can be distinguished from all other species by the extremely long, hair-like embolus (Figs 38A, D, 39 A-C, 40A, D), reduced embolus base (Figs 38A, C, 40B) and large spiralling conductor (Figs 38B, D, 39A, C, 40D). The epigyne has a wide, fleshy median septum and two prominent copulatory openings (Figs 41A, 42A, C); distinguished from P. misbianka by the minute anterior scape (Fig. 42A) and extremely long copulatory ducts (Figs 41B, D, 42B, D). Description: Male: based on CASENT9053784, from Concepción. Markings as in Figure 37 A-C, two yellow anterolateral lines and a pair of median spots on dorsum of abdomen. Total length 5.36. Carapace length 1.31 times width. Clypeus height 1.88 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.38 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.06 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.11 long as wide. Femur I 1.24 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 2.25 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Plumose hairs present on legs and palp. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-1(p)-1, patella d1-1, tarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-1(p)-1(p)-2, patella 1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 0, p0-0-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus r0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-0-1- 0, v0-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0- 1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v1(p)-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg IV: femur d1-1-1(r)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1(p)-2- 2, metatarsus d2-2-2-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 38–40, with three tibial apophyses: long acuminate RTA; VTA darkly sclerotized and rounded like those of the bunnyana species group; LRTA straight, projecting out from tibia parallel to frontal plane, ending in a fine point. DTA absent. Embolus base highly reduced into a mound situated on retrobasal aspect of bulb. Conductor sinuous, extending far beyond bulb, deeply grooved and tapered to a point. Embolus thread like, tip fine and elongated. Tegulum darkened, with shallow if any, median concavity; obscured in retrolateral view by base of conductor. Paracymbium absent. Leg measurements (left): leg I 12.26 (3.15, 4.15, 3.02, 1.94); leg II 10.18 (2.81, 3.22, 2.55, 1.61); leg III 9.18 (2.55, 2.75, 2.61, 1.27); leg IV 12.46 (3.28, 3.82, 3.62, 1.74); palp 6.10 (2.14, 1.54, –, 2.41). Variation: (N = 4). Total length 4.68–6.00. Carapace length 1.28–1.51 times width. Clypeus height 1.88– 2.60 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.38–2.00 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.15–6.08 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.03–1.10 times width. Femur I 1.24–1.35 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.22–3.48 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to six teeth and one denticle. Description: Female: based on CASENT9053784, from Concepción. Markings as in Figure 37 D-F. Total length 5.90. Carapace length 1.38 times width. Clypeus height 2.46 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.54 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.28 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.17 long as wide. Femur I 1.03 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Plumose hairs present on legs and palp. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus p2-1-2-1, r1-1-1-1, v0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1-2(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1(p)-0, v1(r)-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d1-2-1-1(p)- 1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r-0-1- 0-1-0, v1(p)-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-2-2, p0-0-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1; leg III: femur d1-2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1(p)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v1(r)-2-1(p), metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-0, v2-2-2; leg IV: d1-1-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-0-1-0, r0-1-0-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1-1, v2-2- 2, tarsus r0-1. Epigyne as in Figures 41A and 42A, C, simple with two copulatory openings and median septum. Scape reduced to tiny nub visible in lateral and posterior views; difficult to see in ventral view except with SEM (Figs 41A, 42A). Vulva with long, coiled copulatory ducts leading into stalk of spermatheca adjacent to differentiated head of spermatheca. Pores present on head and stalk of spermatheca, pores of stalk obscured by copulatory ducts in dorsal view but visible in lateral view, see Figure 42D; Bennett’s gland pore not present in strict dorsal view, can be seen laterally on Base 1 just posterior to Base 2 (Fig. 41C). Right and left Base 1 contiguous, no gap (Fig. 41B). Fertilization ducts situated posteriorly on the large Base 1. Base 2 dwarfed by the size of much larger Base 1. Leg measurements (left): leg I 10.18 (2.75, 3.42, 2.41, 1.61); leg II 8.91 (2.55, 2.95, 2.08, 1.34); leg III 8.24 (2.34, 2.55, 2.21, 1.14); leg IV 11.19 (3.02, 3.42, 3.29, 1.47); palp 3.48 (1.07, 1.14, –, 1.27). Variation: (N = 5). Total length 4.20–6.10. Carapace length 1.25–1.36 times width. Clypeus height 1.83– 2.83 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.54–2.00 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 4.94–6.31 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.03–1.11 times as long as wide. Femur I 1.03–1.27 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle or four teeth and three denticles. Epigynal scape shows variation, sometimes scape broken off (Figs 41A, 42A, C); loops of copulatory ducts can vary slightly in position (Figs 41B, 42B). Distribution: Coastal region of Chile in Region VII (del Maule), VIII (del Bío Bío), IX (de La Araucanía). A single record from Region XIV (de Los Ríos) (Fig. 76D). Other material examined: Region VII del Maule: Reserva Nacional Los Ruiles, W Cauquenes, S35º49.998’, W72º31’, elev. 135 m, November 15, 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez and T. Allen, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044701); Region VIII del Bío: Parque Pedro del Río Zañartu, 9.5 km W Concepción, S36º47.778’, W73º09.251’, elev. 53 m, general collecting in disturbed native forest and plantation, January 29–30, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, six males, 26 females, CAS (CASENT9053784, 9055535, 9053793); Concepción, Estero Nonquen, December 8, 1993, T. Cekalovic, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044712); Region IX de la Araucanía: Monumento Natural Contulmo: S38º00.78’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m. February 10–11, 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, two males MACN (CASENT9025766, SEM images by Fernando Alvarez Padilla), elev. 350 m, December 11, 1984 - February 13, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed evergreen forest’, two males, AMNH (CASENT9044646), S38º01’, W73º10.998’, elev. 340 m, November 18, 1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez and T. Allen, one male, AMNH (CASENT9044684), December 19–21, 1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, two males, seven females, MACN [MACN-Ar 21070, MACN-Ar 21073, MACN-Ar 21074 (MJR-19-12-98/14 photo frames 11-15), MACN-Ar 21074, MACN-Ar 21075 (collected Sofanapis antillanca on its web), MACN-Ar 21076 (observed walking on top of web), MACN-Ar 21081]; Nahuelbuta National Park, 40 km Angol, elev. 1200-1500 m, December 9, 1984 - February 17, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘ Nothofagus - Araucaria forest,’ two males, AMNH (CASENT9044662); Nahuelbuta, December 21, 1996 - February 7, 1997, four males, FMHD (FMHD96-219); Cordillera Nahuelbuta, February 14–24, 1977, G. Moreno, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044705); Nahuelbuta National Park: 26.13 km W Angol, S37º49.989, W73º00.578, elev. 1328 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber, C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest dominated by Nothofagus ’, two females, CAS (CASENT9053810), Piedra del Aguila, 28 km W Angol, S37º49.434’, W73º02.025’, elev. 1405 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest dominated by Araucaria ’, three females, CAS (CASENT9055528, 9055614), 26.13 km W Angol, S37º48.989’, W73º00.578’, elev. 1328 m, January 27, 2013, E. Morrill, D. Faber and C. Griswold, ‘general night collecting in native forest dominated by Nothofagus’, three females, CAS (CASENT9055685); Region XIV de los Ríos, Reserva Costera Valdiviana, 15 km WSW of Corral, S39º58.173’, W73º34.225’, elev. 5 m, November 24, 2009, H. Wood, L. Almeida and C. Griswold, ‘general collecting in native forest’, one female, CAS (CASENT9036438). PN Alerce Costero, Sendero Los Melíes, Sector Chaihuín, S39.95181°, W73.55325° (GPS ± 200 m), elev. 40 m, January 7, 2020, ‘Valdivian forest’, M.J. Ramírez, E. Soto, J. Wilson, D. Poy (MJR-loc-340), one female with embolus broken inserted in copulatory duct (MACN-Ar 41016, vchMJR-2454, photos 170056-170329). Notes: Porteria ajimayo densely populates the area outside of Concepción and are abundant in Nahuelbuta, though sympatric with P. contulmo and P. bunnyana. Two specimens from Valdivia suggest that the species has a wider distribution; this includes one female with a characteristically elongated male embolus stuck in the epigyne. Males and females are associated with high confidence based on collecting males and females on the same web as well as the highly elongated embolus and the equally long copulatory ducts, much longer than in any other species. A few webs of this species in MN Contulmo contained from one to three individuals of Sofanapis antillanca Platnick & Forster, 1989, but those kleptoparasite spiders were much more abundant in webs of Austrochilus forsteri Grismado, Lopardo & Platnick, 2003 (see Ramírez & Platnick, 1999).Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 413-418, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/800740
Porteria contulmo Morrill & Crews & Esposito & Ramírez & Griswold 2023, SP. NOV.
No full textPORTERIA CONTULMO SP.NOV. FIGS 65–69 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. o r g: a c t: E 6 F B A 8 A 2 - F E 8 5 - 4 B 7 6 - 9 C 7 0 - 721DBEBBBD74. Types: Holotype male from Chile, IX Región de la Araucanía, Malleco Province, Contulmo Natural Monument [S38º00.78’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m], 19–21 December 1999, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, deposited in MHNS (ex MACN-Ar21077). Paratypes: one female, same data as holotype, MHNS (ex MACN-AR21071); one female from Contulmo Natural Monument, January 1991, E. Maury, MACN-Ar (MACN-Ar21057); one male, same data as holotype, MACN-Ar (MACN-Ar 21072, MJR-21-12-98/1, web sampled). Etymology: The species name is a noun in apposition, taken from the type locality and probably the single area where this species occurs. Diagnosis: The long spear-like DTA pointing retrolaterally is the easiest way to distinguish this species; while similar in overall shape to P.correcaminos (Fig. 62D), the DTA of P. contulmo is much longer and sharper (Figs 67D, 68 F); also, the notch on the embolus base is deeper. Paracymbium present (Fig. 68B). Female with epigyne as in P. bunnyana (Figs 45A, 48A) but can be distinguished by vulva morphology, with a much larger atrium ventral wall, extending well past heads of spermatheca (height of atrium ventral wall much shorter in P. bunnyana), ventral wall with large series of longitudinal ridges (Fig. 69B), forming point on median line. These ridges can sometimes be seen in ventral view inside of atrium. Right and left Base 1’s farther apart (Fig. 69B) than in P. bunnyana (almost touching, Fig. 48B), and the spermatheca is angled so that the right and left appear to be diverging anteriorly (more parallel in P. bunnyana), copulatory ducts ‘S’ shaped (Fig. 69B) (straight in P. bunnyana, Fig. 48B); head of spermatheca more differentiated from stalk, appearing ball like (Fig. 69B). Although the vulva looks similar to P. correcaminos, the atrium ventral wall ridges are divided down their centre in P. correcaminos and the Bennett’s gland pore is sunken and obscured in P. contulmo (Figs 66E, G, 69B) (visible in P. correcaminos, Fig. 64E, G, I). Epigyne (Fig. 66B) without large fleshy bulge protruding from atrium as in P. correcaminos (Fig. 64C). Description: Male: based on MACN-Ar21077, from Contulmo Natural Monument. Markings as in Figure 65 A-C, dorsum of abdomen with anterolateral lines present, median spots not well defined but one or two pairs present; venter of sternum uniform in colour. Total length 6.03. Carapace length 1.25 times width. Clypeus height times 2.5 AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.5 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.98 times clypeus height. Sternum 1.07 long as wide. Femur I 1.41 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.4 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth. Feathery hairs present on palps. Leg spination as follows: palp d0-1-2, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0, tarsus p0-0-1, tarsus r0-01; leg I femur d1-1(r)-1-2-2, p0-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 0-0, p0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2- 1; leg II: femur d1(p)-1-1(r)-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0- 2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1; leg III: femur d3-2-1(r)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p 0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-1-1(r)-1(p)-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-1-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-3. Palp as in Figures 66 A-C, 67 and 68, with four tibial apophyses (Fig. 68B, D, F): VTA flattened ventral mound, RTA with thick base extending more apicad than P. contulmo, with tooth-like projection at apex; DTA similar in general shape to P. correcaminos but pointed apex much longer and sharper, paralleling the RTA; LRTA similar to P. correcaminos, bent and projecting out of frontal plane ventrally. Conductor, tegulum and tip of embolus (Fig. 68B) like that of P. correcaminos, embolus base with more distinct, deeper notch on anterior margin (Figs 66B, 67B), base narrower. Paracymbium present on retroapical aspect of bulb (Figs 66C, 68B). Leg measurements (right): leg I 15.75 (4.15, 5.16, 3.95, 2.48); leg II 13.74 (3.95, 4.35, 3.48, 1.94); leg III 12.53 (3.55, 3.69, 3.62, 1.68); leg IV 16.38 (4.36, 4.82, 4.99, 2.21); palp 9.18 (3.35, 2.41, –, 3.42). Variation: (N = 2). Total length 5.83–5.96. Carapace length 1.27–1.49 times width. Clypeus height 2.00– 2.17 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67–1.83 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.23–7.25 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1–1.07 times width. Femur I 1.31–1.32 times carapace length. Cymbium length 2.40–3.24 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four to five teeth and two denticles. Description: Female: based on MACN-Ar21071, from Contulmo Natural Monument. Markings as in Figure 65 D-F; pale yellow anterolateral lines with two pairs of median spots. Total length 6.7. Carapace length 1.25 times width. Clypeus height 2.43 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.57 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.35 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.05 times as wide. Femur I 3.35 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and two denticles. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d2-0, p1-1-0, r0-1-1, v1-2-2; leg I: femur d1-1(r)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0- 1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-0-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-1(r)-1; leg III: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus v0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-1, p0-1- 1, r0-0-1-2, v1-1-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-2. Epigyne as in Figures 66 E-G and 69A, B, similar to P. bunnyana, one large cavity with outer margins forming an ‘M’-shape; stout median scape on anterior margin of hood, directed posteriorly; lateral margins of cavity scalloped, with folds and ridges. Vulva with protruding atrium ventral wall with a series of longitudinal ridges, curved to form a point in middle (Figs 66G, 69B) but wall not divided. Copulatory ducts of medium length, curved anteriorly in an ‘S’ shape to meet the stalk of the spermatheca just adjacent to the head. Head well differentiated, with pores. Right and left stalks converging but not touching (Fig. 69B), pores present on dorsolateral surface. Base 1 amorphous with fertilization duct attached to posterior margin; Base 2 attached anterior to Base 1, oval and connected to anterior portion of stalk; copulatory ducts running next to the lateral margin of Base 2. Bennett’s gland pores sunken in between stalk and Base 2, obscured in dorsal view. Leg measurements (right): leg I 12.25 (3.35, 4.10, 2.90, 1.90); leg II 10.45 (2.95, 3.35, 2.55, 1.60); leg III 9.95 (2.80, 3.05, 2.70, 1.40); leg IV 13.50 (3.60, 4.15, 4.00, 1.75); palp 4.45 (1.40, 1.55, NA, 1.50). Variation: (N = 1). Total length 6.2. Carapace length 1.23 times width. Clypeus height 2.5 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 2 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.67 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.11 times width. Femur I 1.11 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Distribution: Only known from Contulmo Natural Monument, near Purén (Fig. 76C). Other material examined: IX Región de la Araucanía: Malleco Province, Contulmo Natural Monument, elev. 340 m, November 18, 1993, Platnick, Catley, Ramírez, Allen, one male, AMNH CASENT9044684), elev. 350 m, December 11, 1984 - February 13, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed evergreen forest, FIT’, five males, AMNH (CASENT9044685); Purén, Contulmo Natural Monument, elev. 350 m, December 11, 1984 - February 13, 1985, S. and J. Peck, ‘mixed evergreen forest’, FIT, six females, AMNH (CASENT9044692); Contulmo Natural Monument, S 38 º 00.78 ’, W73º11.257’, elev. 360 m, February 10–11, 2005, M. Ramírez and F. Labarque, one female, MACN-Ar (ARAMR000284). Notes: Male-female association of P. contulmo is based mostly on locality data and a process of elimination between sympatric species that have been already paired: those from the bunnyana group that are not clearly assigned to other species are by default considered males and females of P. contulmo. Further sampling in this area, as well as the opportunity to sequence fresh specimens, will help support or contradict this species concept.Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 444-449, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/800740
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Monkey lipsmacking develops like the human speech rhythm.
No full textAcross all languages studied to date, audiovisual speech exhibits a consistent rhythmic structure. This rhythm is critical to speech perception. Some have suggested that the speech rhythm evolved de novo in humans. An alternative account - the one we explored here - is that the rhythm of speech evolved through the modification of rhythmic facial expressions. We tested this idea by investigating the structure and development of macaque monkey lipsmacks and found that their developmental trajectory is strikingly similar to the one that leads from human infant babbling to adult speech. Specifically, we show that: (1) younger monkeys produce slower, more variable mouth movements and as they get older, these movements become faster and less variable; and (2) this developmental pattern does not occur for another cyclical mouth movement - chewing. These patterns parallel human developmental patterns for speech and chewing. They suggest that, in both species, the two types of rhythmic mouth movements use different underlying neural circuits that develop in different ways. Ultimately, both lipsmacking and speech converge on a ∼5 Hz rhythm that represents the frequency that characterizes the speech rhythm of human adults. We conclude that monkey lipsmacking and human speech share a homologous developmental mechanism, lending strong empirical support to the idea that the human speech rhythm evolved from the rhythmic facial expressions of our primate ancestors
Porteria torobayo Morrill & Crews & Esposito & Ramírez & Griswold 2023, SP. NOV.
No full textPORTERIA TOROBAYO SP. NOV. <p>FIGS 54–56</p> <p> <i>Zoobank registration</i>: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 5187160A-D4AE-4BC2-A1A3-E15721B925F4.</p> <p> <i>Types:</i> Holotype male and paratype female from Chile, XIV Región de Los Ríos, Valdivia Province: Rincón de la Piedra, turn-off 14.8 km SE Valdivia, elev. 50 m, S39º55.32’, W73º06.27’, 11 January - 2 February 1997 ‘disturbed Valdivian rainforest with <i>Nothofagus dombeyi</i>, <i>Podocarpus salignus</i>, flight intercept trap’, A. Newton and M. Thayer, deposited in AMNH.</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> Named after the locality Torobayo in Valdivia, near where this species was collected. A noun in apposition.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Males can be distinguished from others in the <i>bunnyana</i> group by the finger-like DTA of uniform width projected retrolaterally in dorsal view (Figs 55C, D, 56D) and the slender embolus base (Figs 55B, C, 56B). Females can be distinguished from <i>P. faberi</i> (Figs 50F, G, 53A, C, D) by the rectangular shaped atrium (Fig. 55E), the ‘M’-shaped atrium ventral wall and the close proximity of spermatheca stalks (Fig. 55G).</p> <p> <i>Description: Male</i>: based on FMHD 97–18. Specimen faded but with white anterolateral lines on dorsum of abdomen along with three or four pairs of white medial spots (Fig. 54A). Total length 5.56. Carapace length 1.39 times width. Clypeus height 1.71 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.43 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 7.83 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.32 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.93 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1- 3, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0, p1-0-0, tarsus d0-1(p)-0, r0-0-1; leg I: femur d1-1(p)-1(r)-1-2-2, p0-0-1-0, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d3-2(p)-1(r)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-0-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-2, p0-1- 1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-0-2; leg IV: femur d2-2-2-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-2-1, p0-0-1, r0-1-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-3. Palp as in Figure 55 A-D with four tibial apophyses: LRTA bent, projecting out of frontal plane, VTA darkly sclerotized mound, RTA long attenuate, unlike <i>P. alopobre</i>, which has a more differentiated tooth on anterior surface of base (see Fig. 58). DTA finger like with uniform width (Fig. 55C, D), stouter than in <i>P. ariasbohartae</i>, projected more retrolaterally than that of <i>P. alopobre</i> smaller and more slender. Paracymbium present (Fig. 56B), larger than that of <i>ariasbohartae</i>. Embolus base narrow and elongate, less than half the width of bulb (Fig. 56B); embolus tip of medium length tapering to narrow needle-like tip curving to meet apex of conductor (Fig. 56A). Conductor straight, dividing bulb in half and twisting tightly distally. Large tegular concavity (Fig. 56B, C).</p> <p>Leg measurements (right): leg I 14.45 (3.75, 4.8, 3.65, 2.25); leg II 12.45 (3.40, 3.95, 3.25, 1.85); leg III 11.30 (3.05, 3.35, 3.30, 1.60); leg IV 14.75 (3.75, 4.35, 4.55, 2.10); palp 7.40 (2.55, 2.10, –, 2.75).</p> <p> <i>Description: Female:</i> based on paratype. Specimen faded with mis-shapen abdomen and no distinct markings, dark brown; sternum with light median patch surrounded by dark brown (Fig. 54 B-D). Total length 5.83. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.33 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.79 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.12 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-1, p1-0, tarsus d2-0, p1-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-2-2; leg I: femur d1-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0- 1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-3; leg III: femur d3-1(p)-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(p)-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1- 1, r0-1-1, v2-2-3, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-1- 2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-1-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-1-2. Epigyne as in Figure 55 E-G, closely resembling <i>P. faberi</i>, copulatory openings sunken into atrium, atrium with anterior hood. Margins and hood straight, forming rectangular atrium, side margins and hood with more pronounced curves in <i>P. faberi</i>. Median septum receding into atrium in <i>torobayo</i>, in <i>P. faberi</i> fleshy septum recedes under hood, tapering</p>Published as part of <i>Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2)</i> on pages 432-433, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8007404">http://zenodo.org/record/8007404</a>
Porteria ariasbohartae Morrill & Crews & Esposito & Ramírez & Griswold 2023, SP. NOV.
No full textPORTERIA ARIASBOHARTAE SP.NOV. FIGS 70–72 Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 598A9DF6-34EF-4253-B51A-17736081391F. Types: Holotype male and paratype female from Chile, XIV Región de los Ríos, Valdivia Province, Parque Oncol, Quitaqui Way, S39° 42.009’, W73° 18.558’, elev. 526 m, ‘19 °C temperature, 12:03pm, Saxegothaea conspicua, 40 m’, January 10, 2007, E. Arias and canopy fogging team, one male holotype, one female paratype, MHNS (CASENT9026272). Etymology: Named in honour of our friend Dr Elizabeth Arias-Bohart who introduced Charles to Chile, organized permits and expeditions and encouraged our research. Diagnosis: Males can be identified by their thin finger-like DTA directed retrolaterally (Fig. 71D). Paracymbium present but not knob shaped, more flattened and inconspicuous (Figs 71D, 72C). Female with deep ‘M’-shaped atrium as in P. correcaminos with scalloped lateral margins, but P. ariasbohartae is distinct in that the fleshy bulge protruding out of the cavity is so large it bisects the cavity (Fig. 71F); scape on posterior margin of bulge reaching past posterior margin of atrium; two slit-like openings in each cavity visible; lobes of the posterior margin folded anteriorly to form lateral margins, no deep groove present (Fig. 71G, H) as in P. correcaminos (Fig. 61F). Description: Male: based in holotype. Markings as in Figure 70 A-C, bright yellow anterolateral lines, faint median spots; sternum with yellow centre surrounded by thick, dark grey margin. Total length 4.76. Carapace length 1.33 times width. Chelicera length 2.14 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.08 times width. Femur I 1.40 times carapace length. Leg formula 1423. Cymbium length 3.86 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d0-1-0; leg I: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus p0-0-1, v2-2-2; leg II: femur d2-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1- 1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-2; leg III: femur d3-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-1- 0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-0, p0-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-2- 1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1- 0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-1(p)-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-3. Palp as in Figures 71 and 72, with four tibial apophyses: VTA flattened mound with once concave and one convex side in ventral view (Fig. 72B); RTA extended from tibia at about a 45° angle, tapered with a distal tooth directed apicad, slightly hooked (Fig. 71B, E). LRTA bent, projecting ventrally with long tip, grey (Figs 71D, 72C). DTA long, slender, finger like, projected and pointed retroapically (Figs 71E, 72D, far slenderer than DTA of P. torobayo or P. alopobre. Conductor (Fig. 71B) more loosely twisted, ‘S’-shaped (curved over middle of bulb before terminating just distad of bulb as in P. correcaminos). Embolus base shield like, smooth, entire anterior margin, without notch (Figs 71B, 72B). Embolus tip gradually tapered along posterior margin and curved to meet the tip of the conductor; embolus fine for the distal onethird of its length. Tegulum large, with dark margin and large median concavity. Paracymbium present but inconspicuous in ventral view, a subtle bulge on retroapical margin of cymbium (Figs 71D, 72C). Leg measurements (right): leg I 13.80 (3.70, 4.55, 3.45, 2.10); leg II 11.95 (3.25, 3.70, 3.25, 1.75); leg III 11.10 (3.40, 3.1, 3.05, 1.55); leg IV 13.70 (3.50, 4.05, 4.25, 1.90); palp 7.20 (2.75, 2.05, –, 2.70). D e s c r i p t i o n: F e m a l e: b a s e d o n p a r at y p e CASENT9026272, from Oncol Park. Markings as in Figure 70 D-F. Total length 5.36. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.33 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5.14 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1.13 times width. Femur I 1.02 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d1-0-1, p1-0-0, tarsus d1(r)-0, p2-1- 1-0, r0-1-1-0, v1(r)-1(r)-2; leg I: femur d1-3-2-2, patella d1-1, d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus v2-2-3; leg II: femur d3-1(r)-3-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1- 1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2-2, metatarsus d0-0-2, p0-1-0, r0-1- 0, v2-2-3; leg III missing; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-1-2-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-1-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-2- 2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-1, v2-2-2, tarsus r0-1, v0-3. Epigyne as in Figure 71F, with ‘M’-shaped cavity bisected by a large, fleshy bulge with short, ovoid scape on posterior margin, scape reaching beyond posterior margin of cavity. Margins of cavity scalloped by a series of folds. Posterior margin continuous with lateral margin, no deep groove dividing posterior and lateral margins as in P. correcaminos. Centre of posterior margin with slightly darkened medial band. Slit-like copulatory openings visible inside cavity just adjacent to central bulge. Vulva (Fig. 71G, H) resembles that of P. correcaminos, but can be distinguished by the elongated and more erect spermathecal stalks, extending beyond Base 2, and the slenderer profile of Base 1 in ventral view; left and right receptacles closer together than those of P. ariasbohartae. Bennett’s gland pore obscured by stalk in strict dorsal view. Atrium ventral wall with pronounced differences reflecting the morphology of the more elongated ventral bulge; midline of ventral wall with shallow and longer rift, compared to the ‘M’-shaped ridge and bulge of P. correcaminos. Ventral wall of P. ariasbohartae is shorter. Leg measurements (right): leg I 9.90 (2.65, 3.35, 2.30, 1.60); leg II 8.45 (2.35, 2.75, 2.05, 1.30); leg III NA; leg IV 10.80 (2.90, 3.30, 3.10, 1.50); palp 3.60 (1.15, 1.25, –, 1.20). Distribution: Only known from the type locality, Oncol Park (Fig. 76C). Other material examined: None.Published as part of Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2) on pages 449-453, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, http://zenodo.org/record/800740
Porteria fiura Morrill & Crews & Esposito & Ramírez & Griswold 2023, SP. NOV.
No full textPORTERIA FIURA SP. NOV. <p>FIGS 27–30</p> <p> <i>Zoobank registration:</i> urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: D7676422-0EB3-461E-B74D-9CB5A7C44B99.</p> <p> <i>Types:</i> Female holotype from Chile, X Región de los Lagos: Chiloé Province, Chiloé Island, Chiloé National Park, Sendero Tepual, 2.3 km NNE Cucao, S42º37.039’, W74º06.129’, elev. 1 m, January 16, 2013, C. Griswold, E. Morrill and D. Faber, ‘general collecting in bog forest dominated by <i>Tepualia</i> ’ deposited in MHNS (CASENT9055645). Male paratype from Chiloé Island, no specific locality, December 15–18, 1985, L.E. Peña, AMNH (CASENT9044672).</p> <p> <i>Etymology:</i> Named after La Fiura, an ugly, villainous woman who lives in the forest and clothes herself in moss; according to Chilote mythology, she seduces men and then drives them insane. Chiloé Island is the type locality, whose culture is rich in mythology. Sheet webs of <i>P. fiura</i> are often built on mossy substrates.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis:</i> Males can be distinguished from others in the Albopunctata Grade by the round, stubby RTA (Figs 28B, 29B, C) and the small tooth-like DTA (Fig. 29D). The embolus base is wider (Fig. 29B) than that of <i>P. albopunctata</i> and the embolus tip more hook shaped (Fig. 29A); embolus tip much shorter than in <i>P. eddardstarki</i>. Females most closely resemble <i>P. albopunctata</i> but can be distinguished by the sclerotized median area being dilated anteriorly in <i>P. fiura</i> as well as the presence of a prominent scape (Figs 28E, 30A, B). Internally, the spermatheca stalks are situated much farther apart in <i>P. fiura</i> than <i>P. albopunctata</i>; Bennett’s gland pores large and conspicuous in dorsal view (Figs 28F, 30B).</p> <p> <i>Description: Male</i>: based on paratype CASENT9044672. Markings as in Figure 27 A-C, dorsum of abdomen with yellow anterolateral lines followed by two posterior spots and two pairs of median spots; sternum with pale centre surrounded by dark grey border. Total length 5.63. Carapace length 1.37 times width. Clypeus height 2.29 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.28 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.37 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cymbium length 3.25 times length of bulb. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: femur d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tarsus p0-0-1, v0-0-1(r); leg I: d1-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-0-2, metatarsus v0-2-2; leg II: femur d1-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-0-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d0-0-1, p1-0-1, r0-0-1, v0-2-1; leg III: femur d1-1(r)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)- 0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0-1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(p)-0-1, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v0-2-2, tarsus r0-1-1(v), v0-1; leg IV: femur d1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1- 0, v0-0-2, metatarsus d2-0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1-1, v0-0-2, tarsus r0-1. Palp as in Figures 28 and 29, with four tibial apophyses: VTA triangular, flattened plate in ventral view, outline finger like in retrolateral view; RTA short and apex round, curved, directed ventrally; LRTA projected straight out of tibia, parallel to frontal plane. DTA small and tooth like; DTA and LRTA appear connected at fleshy base (Fig. 28D), like that of <i>albopunctata</i>. Tegulum without median concavity, outlined by dark sperm duct. Conductor originating on the midline of bulb, short and simple projection. Embolus base elongated, nearly the length of the bulb; embolus tip short, spiniform, curved like a hook to meet conductor. Paracymbium absent.</p> <p>Leg measurements (right): leg I 13.50 (3.75, 4.50, 3.25, 2.00); leg II 11.15 (3.15, 3.50, 2.85, 1.65); leg III 10.55 (2.85, 3.25, 3.00, 1.45); leg IV 13.80 (3.75, 4.30, 4.20, 1.55); palp 4.85 (1.80, 1.10, –, 1.95).</p> <p> <i>Description: Female</i>: based on CASENT9055645, from Chiloé National Park. Markings as in Figure 27 D-F. Total length 5.80. Carapace length 1.34 times width. Clypeus height 1.86 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.71 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 6.15 times clypeus height. Sternum as long as wide. Femur I 1.24 times carapace length. Leg formula 4123. Cheliceral promargin with five teeth and one denticle. Leg spination as follows: palp: d1-1-3, patella d1-1, tibia d2-0-1(r), tarsus d2-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v2-1(r)-3; leg I: femur d1-2-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, v0-2- 2, metatarsus p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1; leg II: femur d1-1- 1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v1(r)-2-2; leg III: femur d2-1-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-0- 1-0, v0-1(r)-2, metatarsus d1(p)-0-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0- 1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-1, v0-2; leg IV: femur d1-0-1(p)-2, patella d1-1, tibia d1(r)-0-0, p0-1-1-0, r0-1-1-0, v0-2-2, metatarsus d2-1(r)-2, p0-1-0-1, r0-1-0-1, v2-2-1, tarsus r0-2, v0-2. Epigyne as in Figures 28E, F and 30A, C, lightly sclerotized except for narrow median area which is dilated anteriorly where the scape originates; scape small and finger like, pointed posteriad; copulatory openings inconspicuous, located just anterior to scape, divided by fleshy septum; internal structures visible through cuticle, most prominently two large circular patches on either side of sclerotized area. Vulva (Figs 28F, 30B, D) with anterior, short copulatory ducts joining the spermathecal stalk just posterior to head of spermatheca. Head situated at the anterior apex of stalk, pores present. Stalks banana shaped, bowed out laterally, pores present. Base 1 large circular structure with large Bennett’s gland pore in its centre when viewed dorsally; fertilization duct attached to Base 1 on median posterior corner. Base 2 joining the anterior margin of Base 1, somewhat crescent shaped; copulatory duct resting on anterior surface of Base 2. In total, the two receptacles look like one large, ovoid receptacle; scanning electron micrograph shows the division of the two bases in more detail (Fig. 30B).</p> <p>Leg measurements: leg I 12.17 (3.32, 4.20, 2.85, 1.80); leg II 10.25 (2.95, 3.40, 2.45, 1.45); leg III 9.70 (2.80, 3.00, 2.55, 1.35); leg IV 12.65 (3.45, 4.00, 3.55, 1.65); palp 3.92 (1.32, 1.32, –, 1.28).</p> <p> <i>Variation:</i> (<i>N</i> = 3). Total length 3.9–5.76. Carapace length 1.27–1.37 times width. Clypeus height 1.67–2.2 times AME diameter. ALE diameter 1.67–2.2 times AME diameter. Chelicera length 5–6.18 times clypeus height. Sternum length 1–1.04 times width. Femur I 1.08–1.26 times carapace length. Cheliceral promargin with four teeth and one denticle left, five teeth right.</p> <p> <i>Distribution:</i> Only known from Chiloé Island and on the mainland in Palena, 70 km south of Chaitén (Fig. 76C).</p> <p> <i>Other material examined:</i> X Región de los Lagos: Chiloé Province, same locality as holotype, nine females, CAS (CASENT9055645); Palena Province, 70 km S of Chaitén, elev. 500 m, January 16, 1986, N.I.</p> <p>Platnick, P.A. Goloboff, R.T. Schuh, ‘wet streambank’, one female, AMNH (CASENT9044706).</p> <p> <i>Notes:</i> Webs were found near ground level on fallen logs and low branches with retreats leading into the hollows of the trees, which were wet. <i>Porteria</i> was the predominant web along with austrochilids, orb weavers and linyphiids. Only females were collected on the 2013 expedition and were found in forest near the southern shore of Lago Huillinco; they were not found on the northern shore. In the southern sector of Chiloé National Park, they were found in high density along the Tepual Trail, and it is likely that males would have been found if we had been able to night collect. Male and female were tentatively matched by locality information. The only other species that has been found on Chiloé Island is <i>P. bunnyana</i>. Because this species has been collected with other males outside of the island, and never together with females of <i>P. fiura</i>, the unique male from Chiloé is hypothesized to be the same species as the female holotype. It is also noteworthy that one female specimen of <i>P. fiura</i> was found on the mainland, across the bay, south of El Chaitén; a lack of sampling in the area between Alerce Andino National Park and Torres del Paine could be obscuring the true range of this species, making it seem nearly endemic to Chiloé when this could merely be a sampling bias. This inadequate sampling applies to <i>P. albopunctata</i> as well, and possibly more undescribed species are awaiting discovery in southern Chile.</p>Published as part of <i>Morrill, Elizabeth, Crews, Sarah, Esposito, Lauren, Ramírez, Martín J. & Griswold, Charles, 2023, A revision of the genus Porteria and the phylogeny and biogeography of Porteriinae (Araneae: Desidae), pp. 368-461 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (2)</i> on pages 402-406, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac093, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8007404">http://zenodo.org/record/8007404</a>
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