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Dentro e oltre la letteratura : un atelier inedito in un convegno in onore di Jean Carbonnier
No full textCappelletti passes in review, with a critical comment, the papers presented at "Ethnologie, Littérature," a special atelier organized for a colloque international devoted to Jean Carbonnier (1908-2003), held at Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense on 7-8 November 2008 under the title Le droit, les sciences humaines, sociales et religieuses
Sulle tracce del conflitto
No full textL'articolo ripercorre alcune delle suggestioni sul tema del conflitto disseminate nell'opera di Georg Simmel, sottoponendole alle sollecitazioni della contemporaneità per vagliarne la tenuta. A fronte della proliferazione di visioni unidimensionali del fenomeno in questione, inclini a ridurlo a mero processo di opposizione e disgiunzione, la posizione simmeliana pare offrire una griglia di lettura in grado di approdare ad un'interpretazione del confliggere che non ne sacrifichi eccessivamente la complessità costitutiva, fatta anche di aggregazione e associazione. Nel tratteggiare le diverse componenti di questa concezione radicale, che vede nel contrasto un'inestirpabile modalità di relazione sociale, Cappelletti individua in due specifici vettori i tratti salienti delle riflessioni di Simmel: la passione-ossessione umana per la differenza e la cultura come scenario della lotta incessante tra la vita e la forma. Le connessioni e i rimandi tra questi due elementi, necessariamente co-implicantisi perché impensabili separatamente, costituiscono il cuore dell'analisi. L'articolo si conclude sottolineando alcuni aspetti, desumibili più o meno direttamente dalle osservazioni simmeliane, che mantengono intatta la loro efficacia di strumenti di investigazione della società e delle sue dinamiche. Su tutti, la necessità di un approccio multiplanare/multiprospettico ai conflitti, il rifiuto di una demonizzazione aprioristica della conflittualità sociale e l'assoluto rigetto di ogni forma di essenzialismo culturale o identitario
Il terrore va alla guerra
No full textRiccardo Cappelletti propone un articolo incentrato sulla configurazione peculiare
che le dinamiche conflittuali assumono nel loro tradursi in fenomeni propriamente
bellici. Senza alcuna pretesa di esaustività, data la natura polimorfa ed “irresolubile” dell'oggetto, il contributo parte dalla famigerata nozione di «guerra al Terrore», per sottrarla, poi, al contesto storico e socio-culturale che ne ha segnato il debutto.
L'obiettivo principale è dare corpo ad un'operazione di de-specificazione, finalizzata a suggerire l'utilità e le potenzialità rivelatrici di un'applicazione metastorica della locuzione.
Il quadro teorico utilizzato moltiplica i suoi riferimenti disciplinari, cinematografici e letterari in ragione dei differimenti piani di osservazione via via individuati. Iniziando da alcune suggestioni tratte da Derrida sulla temporalità caratteristica degli eventi terrorizzanti, il percorso delineato dall'autore si concentra sull'analisi della condizione
umana nei termini dell'antropologia della sopravvivenza superbamente tratteggiata
da E. Canetti.
Nella successiva integrazione con alcuni contributi di R. Girard in materia di processi di gestione/finalizzazione della violenza, l'attenzione si sposta sui meccanismi di identificazione/proiezione responsabili della costruzione delle identità collettive. Più nello specifico, sull'opposizione polare Noi/Non-Noi come deriva esasperata ed estrema (ma non escludibile) di ogni creazione identitaria, per cui il “Non-Noi” diviene la figura idealtipica del nemico percepito come radicale minaccia esistenziale. Per
completare il quadro, Cappelletti sottolinea un'ulteriore affinità elettiva che accomuna
guerra e terrore in una zona grigia d’indistinzione, fotografando un'altra sfumatura in cui intendere la loro (ricorrente) “compresenza”
Le narrazioni prese sul serio : note a margine di uno studio sulla costruzione giudiziaria del fatto
No full textANTROPOLOGIE DEI DIRITTI UMANI. PERCORSI AFRICANI.
Full text linkThe Human Rights topic is increasing its relevance in the field of legal studies and in the agenda of inter/transnational actors. The Sociology of Law is deeply engaged in this dialogue, but some of its contributions seem to share a common lack of concern about the dimensions of cultural legitimacy and politics of imagination. Refusing the “simplistic” vision of «legal transplants», the approach in term of regionalization and the genealogical theories (i.e. the so called generations of human rights), the thesis aims to outline a multidisciplinary frame, trying to merge the anthropological and the socio-legal knowledge to shed light on the «anthropologies of human rights». The use of the plural suggests several orders of realities: firstly, it reflects the high fragmentation which characterizes the epistemological and methodological debate of contemporary anthropology, as a disciplinary field. An “internal” multiplication of points of view which becomes even more striking in its interactions whit the HR subject and its own kind of internal dissemination. Secondly (and consequently), it enlightens that the “pluralisation” of human rights discourse could be better understood as a proliferation of world-visions and axiologies. In this second meaning, the summoned «anthropologies» have to be intended in term of theories on human beings, on social reality and social order, shaped by cultural assumptions, taken-for-granted and (shared) symbolical repertoires. Deeply merged within every manifestation of the «humanitarian transnational narration», these world-versions need to be studied as sources of influence and inspiration for legal claims, texts and declarations that build the corpus of international humanitarian law. Lastly, this plurality which stems from the relationship between the macro-narrative of the International Bill of Human Rights and its situated appropriations points out the potentiality of a cultural analysis of the social life of (human) rights in avoiding the dichotomist models (universalism versus relativism, global versus local and so on) in favor of a representation in term of narrative encounters between different conceptions of human dignity, human beings, normative orders and social realities.
To grasp this mutual and multilayered overlapping, the first part of the thesis builds an analytical framework destined to be applied, in the second part, to the specific context of the «African system of human rights». This choice was dictated by the peculiarities which seem to distinguish it from others regional systems: amongst these features, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights deserves a special place, considered its aspects of relevant innovation and creativity as well its signs of criticism and its lack of real efficacy.
In the first chapter we start from the general liaison between Law and Culture, looking for a «relational paradigm» which rejects determinist or reductionist presentations of this organic link. Adopting a pluralist point of view (centered on the idea of «normative pluralism» preferred to the classical one in term of «legal pluralism»), we borrow some insights from early anthropological researches on «primitive law» and on the co-existence of plural normative orders in colonial settings.
The second chapter deals with the concept of «legal culture», trying to discuss a cardinal notion of sociology of law that often pretend to exhaustively grasp the complexity of law/culture nexus. We explore the richness and the pitfalls of influent theorizations about this topic, sorting out three dimensions which seem to require a deeper engagement: the power, the (construction of the) collective identities and the pluralism. In strict dialogue with the studies on «legal consciousness» and «legal socialization», we move towards a textual description of culture.
The third chapter sketches a theory of culture in term of cognitive and normative interface between men and the meaningful world they try to create (and to live in). Borrowing from Clifford Geertz the fundamental ideas about the «social traffic of meanings», the textual dimension of cultures and the law as a way of world-making – or better, of imaging the reality –, we keep developing our model in a more comprehensive perspective which dismisses the “literary” constraints entrenched in the idea of «text».
The forth chapter deals with some assumptions of the so-called «narrative paradigm», trying to “dissolve” the persisting rigidities of the textual frame into a larger and (more) universal human ability: the narrative competence. We examine the coalescence between narrative attitude and normative attitude, stressing the similarities and the constitutive power of both of them. Starting from narration as a meta-model for the social construction of reality, we move towards the specificities of «legal narration» as expression of the legal construction of social reality. This narrative standpoint can be synthesized as follow: the human skill to produce, to understand and to manipulate tales (and other sources of narrative production) is the key that ensures the transmission and the socializations of cultural meanings, representations and symbols. Trough the narrativization of culture it becomes easier to conceive the narrativization of legal cultures as shared, contested, polyphonic repertories of legal and social ideas.
In the fifth chapter we start applying our theoretical framework to the human rights topic. We begin with a preliminary set of issues regrouped under the label of «spatial problematic». It underlines the paradox of the Universalist project, with its claims of cultural independence and planetary applicability on the one hand, and the need of cultural resonance and local relevance on the other. We explore critical contributions about the «globalization talk», which stress some traps of this overriding way of representing social and socio-legal phenomena in the contemporary world. Aiming to reject monodimensional explanations, we merge the «rhetoric of flaws» with the sensibility for «friction events» generated by and trough the encounters between transnational narratives and specific local (and cultural) settings. The concept of «vernacularization» helps us to conceive these interactions/intersections between global flows and punctual frictions.
The sixth chapter introduces the main elements of the African context, starting from a sketched portrait of what we define its «radical normative pluralism». In order to cope with the complex reality of the African human rights system, we outline a historical (and political) description of the events that preceded the creation of the Organization for the African Unity, the institutional body which had the main responsibility in the consolidation of the system itself. We also examine various “legal” precedents (the so-called Lagos Law, the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples and so on) which influenced the elaboration of the African Charter with their moral and political authority.
Whit the seventh chapter we finally land the heart of our topic: the narrative analysis of the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights. After a quick identification of the focal features of the document, we approach the meaningful core of the Charter: the organic/holistic relationship between individual human rights and collective dimension of peoples’ (human) rights. We split our investigation in two different but related paths: the individual/people pole and the rights/duties pole, assuming they are two dissimilar strategies to arrange this underlying “cohabitation”. We also draw to several pronunciations of the African Commission of human and peoples’ rights exploring the potential meanings of people and peoples’ rights to clarify the official/institutional position on the subject. Anthropological and sociological studies on the ongoing modifications of collective frames of reference (the family, the ethnic group and other strategies of kinship allegiance) in contemporary Africa are employed to complete our inquiry.
In the eighth chapter we (temporary) leave the African Charter in favor of other documents and protocols produced by the African system, strictly related to the «culture variable»: the Pan-African Cultural Manifesto, the Cultural Charter for Africa and the Charter for African Cultural Renaissance. After that, we approach three other texts more engaged on the promotion and protection of human rights for specific categories of people: the African Charter on the rights and welfare of the child, the Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples’ rights on the rights of women in Africa and the African Youth Charter. Our aim is to show how cultural assumptions about the subjects concerned shape or influence the normative prescriptions designed to protect them.
The ninth chapter, finally, outlines a general evaluation of our analytical model trough the exploration of its weakness and its points of strength. It shows the hermeneutical advantages provided by the «gius-narrative» key, which enabled us to trace and emphasize the links between myths and foundational narratives of social groups and theirs normative constructions. It also stresses the need for a cultural study of social life of human rights, to (try to) grasp the many faces that the struggle for human rights is showing in its continuous spread around the world
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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