87 research outputs found
Sirkulærøkonomi - en håndbok
No full textNorwegian translation of Walter R. Stahel original manuscript "Circular economy – A users guide"Sirkulær økonomi handler om å utnytte våre ressurser best mulig, for å sørge for bærekraft og verdiskapning på både kort og lang sikt. Dette kan skje på flere måter – både gjennom ombruk, refabrikkering, gjenvinning og redusert forbruk. Denne boka handler om hvilke muligheter som finnes i en sirkulær økonomi. De vil oppstå på mange områder, men det er opp til oss å gripe dem, både som enkeltpersoner, produsenter og politikere.
Boka er oversatt av Elin Mansfield (Comprendo Language Services) i samarbeid med Kyrre Sundseth, Vibeke Nørstebø og Sigrid Damman (SINTEF).publishedVersio
Patient knowledge on stroke risk factors, symptoms and treatment options
No full textKashif Waqar Faiz,1,2 Antje Sundseth,1 Bente Thommessen,1 Ole Morten Rønning1,3 1Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; 2Health Services Research Center, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; 3Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Background: Public campaigns focus primarily on stroke symptom and risk factor knowledge, but patients who correctly recognize stroke symptoms do not necessarily know the reason for urgent hospitalization. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge on stroke risk factors, symptoms and treatment options among acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients. Methods: This prospective study included patients admitted to the stroke unit at the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway. Patients with previous cerebrovascular disease, patients receiving thrombolytic treatment and patients who were not able to answer the questions in the questionnaire were excluded. Patients were asked two closed-ended questions: “Do you believe that stroke is a serious disorder?” and “Do you believe that time is of importance for stroke treatment?”. In addition, patients were asked three open-ended questions where they were asked to list as many stroke risk factors, stroke symptoms and stroke treatment options as they could. Results: A total of 173 patients were included, of whom 158 (91.3%) confirmed that they regarded stroke as a serious disorder and 148 patients (85.5%) considered time being of importance. In all, 102 patients (59.0%) could not name any treatment option. Forty-one patients (23.7%) named one or more adequate treatment options, and they were younger (p<0.001) and had higher educational level (p<0.001), but had a nonsignificant shorter prehospital delay time (p=0.292). Conclusion: The level of stroke treatment knowledge in stroke patients seems to be poor. Public campaigns should probably also focus on information on treatment options, which may contribute to reduce prehospital delay and onset-to-treatment-time. Keywords: stroke, thrombolytic therapy, endovascular treatment, prehospital delay, stroke knowledge, stroke treatment option
Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation after implantation of a titanium cervical disc prosthesis: a comparison of 1.5 and 3 Tesla magnet strength
No full textPurpose Cervical disc prostheses induce significant amount of artifact in magnetic resonance imaging which may complicate radiologic follow-up after surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate as to what extent the artifact, induced by the frequently used Discover® cervical disc prosthesis, impedes interpretation of the MR images at operated and adjacent levels in 1.5 and 3 Tesla MR.
Methods Ten subsequent patients were investigated in both 1.5 and 3 Tesla MR with standard image sequences one year following anterior cervical discectomy with arthroplasty.
Outcome measures Two neuroradiologists evaluated the images by consensus. Emphasis was made on signal changes in medulla at all levels and visualization of root canals at operated and adjacent levels. A “blur artifact ratio” was calculated and defined as the height of the artifact on T1 sagittal images related to the operated level.
Results The artifacts induced in 1.5 and 3 Tesla MR were of entirely different character and evaluation of the spinal cord at operated level was impossible in both magnets. Artifacts also made the root canals difficult to assess at operated level and more pronounced in the 3 Tesla MR. At the adjacent levels however, the spinal cord and root canals were completely visualized in all patients. The “blur artifact” induced at operated level was also more pronounced in the 3 Tesla MR.
Conclusions The artifact induced by the Discover® titanium disc prosthesis in both 1.5 and 3 Tesla MR, makes interpretation of the spinal cord impossible and visualization of the root canals difficult at operated level. Adjusting the MR sequences to produce the least amount of artifact is important.
© The Author(s) 2013 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited
Cytochrome P-450 related to insecticide resistance in Drosophila Melanogaster
No full textThe cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase (MFC) system in insects appears to be particularly important in insecticide resistance. Because of the multiplicity of P-450 isozymes and their overlapping substrate specificities, qualitative and quantitative variations in the different forms of P-450 can influence both insecticide metabolism and normal metabolic processes such as hormone and pheromone biosynthesis and feeding habits. Resistance to various insecticides in Drosophila has been directly associated with increased or unique MFO activities.
The Drosophila strains Hikone-R(BG) and 91-R were originally selected for resistance to the organochlorine insecticide DDT and were shown in these experiments to also be cross-resistant to malathion, an organophosphate. The Hikone-R(BG), 91-R, and MH-II strains are all cross-resistant to various classes of insecticides, and all possess a unique microsomal protein band with a molecular mass of approximately 56 kDa, designated P-450-B, that is not discernible in the susceptible Drosophila strains Oregon-R, 91-C and Canton-S. All Drosophila strains examined contain an ubiquitous subset of P-450 with a molecular mass of 59 kDa identified as P-450-A. The Hikone-R(BG) and 91-R strains had higher total P-450 contents, and much greater (30 to 60-fold) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) demethylase activities than their susceptible counterparts Oregon-R and 91-C.
P-450-A and P-450-B were purified from Oregon-R and Hikone-R(BG) by sequential chromatography on octylamino-agarose, DEAE-cellulose, and hydroxyapatite. Purified Drosophila P-450-A and P-450-B had specific activities from 6-9 nmol P-450/mg protein and exhibited molecular weights exactly corresponding to P-450-A and P-450-B in microsomes.
Drosophila NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was purified from Oregon-R by affinity chromatography on NADP-agarose and had a molecular weight of 65 kDa. Purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was capable of reducing purified P-450 in vitro.
Analysis of purified P-450-A and P-450-B by isoelectric focusing and 2-D electrophoresis showed that P-450-A is composed of at least five forms with different isoelectric points while P-450-B contains a minimum of two different forms.
Purified preparations containing both P-450-A and P-450-B exhibited catalytic activity in a reconstituted system with phospholipid, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin as substrate. Purified P-450-A, partially purified P-450 preparations, or solubilized microsomes did not metabolize 7-ethoxycoumarin or benzo(a)pyrene in the reconstituted system.
P-450-specific MoAbs were produced that recognized solubilized P-450 epitopes in solid-phase RIA and ELISA techniques and bound to denatured P-450 epitopes in immunoblots. One of these MoAbs, 433-8-1d was specific for P-450-B, while another, 433-13-2e, recognized P-450-A-specific epitopes.
Neither MoAb 433-8-1d or 433-13-2e could inhibit P-450-dependent NDMA-demethylase activity, but immune serum from the mouse utilized to produce these hybridomas suppressed over 50% of this activity compared to control levels. Purified MoAb 433-8-1d conjugated to Sepharose beads could not selectively remove NDMA-demethylase activity from microsomes.
P-450-A and P-450-B specific MoAbs were used to examine the expression of immunoreactive P-450 in insecticide resistant and sensitive Drosophila strains. Large amounts of P-450-B were detected in immunoblotting experiments using microsomes from resistant Hikone-R(BG), 91-R, and MH-II strains. Trace amounts of P-450-B were found in the susceptible Oregon-R, 91-C, and Canton-S strains. P-450-A constituted the bulk of the immunoreactive P-450 in susceptible strains, but P-450-B was the major P-450 form in the resistant strains. Immunoreactive P-450-B levels were 10 to 20-fold greater in resistant than susceptible strains. The expression of significant amounts of immunoreactive P-450-B required a positive second chromosome derived from a resistant strain and this P-450-B level was increased in strains containing both positive chromosomes II and III.
MoAbs to Drosophila P-450 cross-reacted with microsomes and partially purified preparations from the resistant Rutgers, and susceptible CSMA housefly strains in immunoblots, and the P-450-B-specific MoAb 433-8-1d bound microsomes from Southern armyworms in RIA and ELISA experiments. MoAb 433-8-1d also reacted with microsomal proteins prepared from both normal rat liver and animals induced with ethanol or phenobarbital while MoAb 13-2e did not recognize any rat liver proteins.
Cytochrome P-450-B expression related to insecticide resistance in Drosophila has been extensively characterized by biochemical, genetic, and immunochemical methods. The reagents necessary to expand this analysis to include the molecular biology of P-450 expression and P-450-related resistance are now available and the system is ready to be exploited to its fullest potential
Design and Implementation of a Simulation System for Vertical and Directional Drilling in an Autonomous Miniature Drilling Rig
No full textDigitalisering og automatisering av prosesser har i flere bransjer hatt stor påvirkning, særlig over de siste årene. Selv om R&D har utviklet en rekke før manuelle prosesser til å nå bli autonome, gjelder dette fortsatt ikke for oljedrilling. Dette har ført til at the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) opprettet the Drilling System Automation Technical Section (DSATS) for å fremskynde implementeringen av autonom drilling.
Med SPE og DSATS i fronten ble den årlige Drillbotics-konkurransen opprettet, hvor studenter over hele verden blir utfordret til å bygge en autonom miniatyrversjon av en borerigg som skal utføre gitte utfordringer. I år skulle konkurransen opprinnelig avholdes fra 22. til 26. juni, men på grunn av den pågående pandemien, ble den kansellert. Denne masteroppgaven fikk derfor endret sin problemstilling, hvor det nye målet ble å konstruere et simuleringssystem som realistisk klarer å fremstille de fysiske utfordringene boreriggen ville møtt under konkurransen.
Ideen bak simuleringssystemet er at det skal kunne brukes av kommende års Drillbotics-lag for tidlig testing av teorier og kontrollsystemer. For å oppnå enkel testing er programmet implementert i MATLAB og Simulink med en seksjonert tilnærming, slik at deler av programmet lett kan endres. Hoveddelene består av tilstandsdynamikk, tilstandsmaskin, tilstandsestimering, referansegenerator og kontrollere, som alle enkelt kan bli endret og testet.
For å finne den optimale kontrollmetoden for ulike boremiljøer, har det blitt implementert en rekke typer kontrollere bestående av proporsjonal–integral–derivat-kontroller (PID), modell-prediktiv-kontroller (MPC) og ulineær-modell-prediktiv-kontroller (NMPC). For å oppnå realistisk simulering, har tilstandsdynamikken blitt utformet og implementert så nært som mulig den fysiske dynamikken, som også inneholder støy og bias i både prosessen og de simulerte sensorene. For å motvirke støy og bias benyttes et utvidet Kalman-filter. Det er også viktig å sikre et trygt boremiljø, så i tillegg har det blitt implementert en tilstandsmaskin med 9 potensielle tilstander. Til slutt har en referansegenerator med en rekke mulige algoritmer blitt implementert, slik at ulike referansemetoder for kontrollerne kan testes.
Resultatene viser at det er flere fordeler og ulemper med de forskjellige kontroll- og referansemetodene. Valg av disse avhenger av boremiljøet, slik som gitte koordinater, mekaniske begrensninger av det fysiske systemet og andre parametre som bestemmer utfallet av konkurransen. Det ble funnet at simuleringssystemet er et utmerket verktøy for å teste ulike hypoteser og teorier, ettersom det gjør visualisering av systemrespons raskt og enkelt.
Videre kan simuleringssystemet utvides med hensyn til tilstandsdynamikken for å representere den fysiske dynamikken bedre. Det bør også utforskes mer på bruken av NMPC som referansegenerator, da dette burde kunne finne optimal bane for drilling basert på mekaniske begrensninger og poeng-optimalisering i en eventuell konkurranse
Transcription factor LSF binds two variant bipartite sites within the SV40 late promoter.
No full textDesign and Implementation of a Simulation System for Vertical and Directional Drilling in an Autonomous Miniature Drilling Rig
No full textDigitalisering og automatisering av prosesser har i flere bransjer hatt stor påvirkning, særlig over de siste årene. Selv om R&D har utviklet en rekke før manuelle prosesser til å nå bli autonome, gjelder dette fortsatt ikke for oljedrilling. Dette har ført til at the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) opprettet the Drilling System Automation Technical Section (DSATS) for å fremskynde implementeringen av autonom drilling.
Med SPE og DSATS i fronten ble den årlige Drillbotics-konkurransen opprettet, hvor studenter over hele verden blir utfordret til å bygge en autonom miniatyrversjon av en borerigg som skal utføre gitte utfordringer. I år skulle konkurransen opprinnelig avholdes fra 22. til 26. juni, men på grunn av den pågående pandemien, ble den kansellert. Denne masteroppgaven fikk derfor endret sin problemstilling, hvor det nye målet ble å konstruere et simuleringssystem som realistisk klarer å fremstille de fysiske utfordringene boreriggen ville møtt under konkurransen.
Ideen bak simuleringssystemet er at det skal kunne brukes av kommende års Drillbotics-lag for tidlig testing av teorier og kontrollsystemer. For å oppnå enkel testing er programmet implementert i MATLAB og Simulink med en seksjonert tilnærming, slik at deler av programmet lett kan endres. Hoveddelene består av tilstandsdynamikk, tilstandsmaskin, tilstandsestimering, referansegenerator og kontrollere, som alle enkelt kan bli endret og testet.
For å finne den optimale kontrollmetoden for ulike boremiljøer, har det blitt implementert en rekke typer kontrollere bestående av proporsjonal–integral–derivat-kontroller (PID), modell-prediktiv-kontroller (MPC) og ulineær-modell-prediktiv-kontroller (NMPC). For å oppnå realistisk simulering, har tilstandsdynamikken blitt utformet og implementert så nært som mulig den fysiske dynamikken, som også inneholder støy og bias i både prosessen og de simulerte sensorene. For å motvirke støy og bias benyttes et utvidet Kalman-filter. Det er også viktig å sikre et trygt boremiljø, så i tillegg har det blitt implementert en tilstandsmaskin med 9 potensielle tilstander. Til slutt har en referansegenerator med en rekke mulige algoritmer blitt implementert, slik at ulike referansemetoder for kontrollerne kan testes.
Resultatene viser at det er flere fordeler og ulemper med de forskjellige kontroll- og referansemetodene. Valg av disse avhenger av boremiljøet, slik som gitte koordinater, mekaniske begrensninger av det fysiske systemet og andre parametre som bestemmer utfallet av konkurransen. Det ble funnet at simuleringssystemet er et utmerket verktøy for å teste ulike hypoteser og teorier, ettersom det gjør visualisering av systemrespons raskt og enkelt.
Videre kan simuleringssystemet utvides med hensyn til tilstandsdynamikken for å representere den fysiske dynamikken bedre. Det bør også utforskes mer på bruken av NMPC som referansegenerator, da dette burde kunne finne optimal bane for drilling basert på mekaniske begrensninger og poeng-optimalisering i en eventuell konkurranse.The vast impact of digitalization and automation of processes in multiple industries has become apparent over the past years. While research and development has evolved multiple manual processes to become autonomous, the case for autonomous oil drilling is not the same. Therefore, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) established the Drilling System Automation Technical Section (DSATS) in order to accelerate the implementations of autonomous drilling.
Initiated in 2014, the Drillbotics competition, with SPE and DSATS in the front, annually challenges students from around the world to build a physical autonomous miniature drilling rig to conquer given challenges. This year, the competition was scheduled to be held 22.-26. June, but got canceled due to the ongoing pandemic. This master's thesis has therefore undergone a change of problem statement, such that the new main goal became to create a simulation system that realistically represents the true drilling environments of the physical competition.
The idea of the simulation system is for it to be used by the next year's Drillbotics team for early control system testing. As such, the program has been implemented in MATLAB and Simulink with a compartmentalized approach, giving interchangeability of blocks for easy testing. The main blocks consist of the state dynamics, state machine, reference generator, controller, and state estimation, and may all be easily edited and tested.
To find the optimal control method for different drilling environments, there has been implemented multiple types of controllers consisting of a proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID), a model predictive controller (MPC), and a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC). For accurate state representation, the state dynamics have been designed and implemented close to the true dynamics of the system, containing noise and bias in both the process and simulated sensors. To combat this noise and bias, an extended Kalman filter is used. As well, it is important to ensure a safe drilling environment. As such, a state machine with 9 potential states has been implemented. Lastly, there are multiple viable paths for the drill to follow. A reference generator with multiple optional path algorithms has therefore also been implemented.
The results show that there are multiple use cases for each of the controller methods, as well as the path generation methods. They should be used based on the drilling environment, such as the given coordinate points, mechanical constraints of the physical system, and other parameters that the competition score is based on. It has been found that the simulation system is an excellent tool to test different hypotheses and theories, as it makes visualization of system response fast and easy.
Furthermore, the simulation system could be expanded upon with regards to state dynamics to better represent the true physical dynamics. As well as this, there should also be done more research on using an NMPC for path generation, as this should be better at finding the optimal path based on the mechanical constraints and score-optimization in an eventual competition
Design and Implementation of a Simulation System for Vertical and Directional Drilling in an Autonomous Miniature Drilling Rig
No full textDigitalisering og automatisering av prosesser har i flere bransjer hatt stor påvirkning, særlig over de siste årene. Selv om R&D har utviklet en rekke før manuelle prosesser til å nå bli autonome, gjelder dette fortsatt ikke for oljedrilling. Dette har ført til at the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) opprettet the Drilling System Automation Technical Section (DSATS) for å fremskynde implementeringen av autonom drilling.
Med SPE og DSATS i fronten ble den årlige Drillbotics-konkurransen opprettet, hvor studenter over hele verden blir utfordret til å bygge en autonom miniatyrversjon av en borerigg som skal utføre gitte utfordringer. I år skulle konkurransen opprinnelig avholdes fra 22. til 26. juni, men på grunn av den pågående pandemien, ble den kansellert. Denne masteroppgaven fikk derfor endret sin problemstilling, hvor det nye målet ble å konstruere et simuleringssystem som realistisk klarer å fremstille de fysiske utfordringene boreriggen ville møtt under konkurransen.
Ideen bak simuleringssystemet er at det skal kunne brukes av kommende års Drillbotics-lag for tidlig testing av teorier og kontrollsystemer. For å oppnå enkel testing er programmet implementert i MATLAB og Simulink med en seksjonert tilnærming, slik at deler av programmet lett kan endres. Hoveddelene består av tilstandsdynamikk, tilstandsmaskin, tilstandsestimering, referansegenerator og kontrollere, som alle enkelt kan bli endret og testet.
For å finne den optimale kontrollmetoden for ulike boremiljøer, har det blitt implementert en rekke typer kontrollere bestående av proporsjonal–integral–derivat-kontroller (PID), modell-prediktiv-kontroller (MPC) og ulineær-modell-prediktiv-kontroller (NMPC). For å oppnå realistisk simulering, har tilstandsdynamikken blitt utformet og implementert så nært som mulig den fysiske dynamikken, som også inneholder støy og bias i både prosessen og de simulerte sensorene. For å motvirke støy og bias benyttes et utvidet Kalman-filter. Det er også viktig å sikre et trygt boremiljø, så i tillegg har det blitt implementert en tilstandsmaskin med 9 potensielle tilstander. Til slutt har en referansegenerator med en rekke mulige algoritmer blitt implementert, slik at ulike referansemetoder for kontrollerne kan testes.
Resultatene viser at det er flere fordeler og ulemper med de forskjellige kontroll- og referansemetodene. Valg av disse avhenger av boremiljøet, slik som gitte koordinater, mekaniske begrensninger av det fysiske systemet og andre parametre som bestemmer utfallet av konkurransen. Det ble funnet at simuleringssystemet er et utmerket verktøy for å teste ulike hypoteser og teorier, ettersom det gjør visualisering av systemrespons raskt og enkelt.
Videre kan simuleringssystemet utvides med hensyn til tilstandsdynamikken for å representere den fysiske dynamikken bedre. Det bør også utforskes mer på bruken av NMPC som referansegenerator, da dette burde kunne finne optimal bane for drilling basert på mekaniske begrensninger og poeng-optimalisering i en eventuell konkurranse.The vast impact of digitalization and automation of processes in multiple industries has become apparent over the past years. While research and development has evolved multiple manual processes to become autonomous, the case for autonomous oil drilling is not the same. Therefore, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) established the Drilling System Automation Technical Section (DSATS) in order to accelerate the implementations of autonomous drilling.
Initiated in 2014, the Drillbotics competition, with SPE and DSATS in the front, annually challenges students from around the world to build a physical autonomous miniature drilling rig to conquer given challenges. This year, the competition was scheduled to be held 22.-26. June, but got canceled due to the ongoing pandemic. This master's thesis has therefore undergone a change of problem statement, such that the new main goal became to create a simulation system that realistically represents the true drilling environments of the physical competition.
The idea of the simulation system is for it to be used by the next year's Drillbotics team for early control system testing. As such, the program has been implemented in MATLAB and Simulink with a compartmentalized approach, giving interchangeability of blocks for easy testing. The main blocks consist of the state dynamics, state machine, reference generator, controller, and state estimation, and may all be easily edited and tested.
To find the optimal control method for different drilling environments, there has been implemented multiple types of controllers consisting of a proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID), a model predictive controller (MPC), and a nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC). For accurate state representation, the state dynamics have been designed and implemented close to the true dynamics of the system, containing noise and bias in both the process and simulated sensors. To combat this noise and bias, an extended Kalman filter is used. As well, it is important to ensure a safe drilling environment. As such, a state machine with 9 potential states has been implemented. Lastly, there are multiple viable paths for the drill to follow. A reference generator with multiple optional path algorithms has therefore also been implemented.
The results show that there are multiple use cases for each of the controller methods, as well as the path generation methods. They should be used based on the drilling environment, such as the given coordinate points, mechanical constraints of the physical system, and other parameters that the competition score is based on. It has been found that the simulation system is an excellent tool to test different hypotheses and theories, as it makes visualization of system response fast and easy.
Furthermore, the simulation system could be expanded upon with regards to state dynamics to better represent the true physical dynamics. As well as this, there should also be done more research on using an NMPC for path generation, as this should be better at finding the optimal path based on the mechanical constraints and score-optimization in an eventual competition
The effects of an intronic polymorphism in TOMM40 and APOE genotypes in sporadic inclusion body myositis.
No full textA previous study showed that, in carriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype ε3/ε3 or ε3/ε4, the presence of a very long (VL) polyT repeat allele in "translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40" (TOMM40) was less frequent in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) compared with controls and associated with a later age of sIBM symptom onset, suggesting a protective effect of this haplotype. To further investigate the influence of these genetic factors in sIBM, we analyzed a large sIBM cohort of 158 cases as part of an International sIBM Genetics Study. No significant association was found between APOE or TOMM40 genotypes and the risk of developing sIBM. We found that the presence of at least 1 VL polyT repeat allele in TOMM40 was significantly associated with about 4 years later onset of sIBM symptoms. The age of onset was delayed by 5 years when the patients were also carriers of the APOE genotype ε3/ε3. In addition, males were likely to have a later age of onset than females. Therefore, the TOMM40 VL polyT repeat, although not influencing disease susceptibility, has a disease-modifying effect on sIBM, which can be enhanced by the APOE genotype ε3/ε3
Metals in the environment as risk factors for infectious diseases:Gaps and opportunities
No full textMany parts of the world in which common infectious diseases are endemic also have the highest prevalence of trace metal deficiencies or rising rates of trace metal pollution. Infectious diseases can increase human susceptibility to adverse effects of metal exposure (at suboptimal or toxic levels), and metal excess or deficiency can increase the incidence or severity of infectious diseases. The co-clustering of major infectious diseases with trace metal deficiency or toxicity has created a complex web of interactions with serious but poorly understood health repercussions, yet has been largely overlooked in animal and human studies. This book focuses on the distribution, trafficking, fate, and effects of trace metals in biological systems. Its goal is to enhance our understanding of the relationships between homeostatic mechanisms of trace metals and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Drawing on expertise from a range of fields, the book offers a comprehensive review of current knowledge on vertebrate metal-withholding mechanisms and the strategies employed by different microbes to avoid starvation (or poisoning). Chapters summarize current, state-of-the-art techniques for investigating pathogen-metal interactions and highlight open question to guide future research. The book makes clear that improving knowledge in this area will be instrumental to the development of novel therapeutic measures against infectious diseases. ContributorsM. Leigh Ackland, Vahid Fa Andisi, Angele L. Arrieta, Michael A. Bachman, J. Sabine Becker, Robert E. Black, Julia Bornhorst, Sascha Brunke, Joseph A. Caruso, Jennifer S. Cavet, Anson C. K. Chan, Christopher H. Contag, Heran Darwin, George V. Dedoussis, Rodney R. Dietert, Victor J. DiRita, Carol A. Fierke, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, David P. Giedroc, Peter-Leon Hagedoorn, James A. Imlay, Marek J. Kobylarz, Joseph Lemire, Wenwen Liu, Slade A. Loutet, Wolfgang Maret, Andreas Matusch, Trevor F. Moraes, Michael E. P. Murphy, Maribel Navarro, Jerome O. Nriagu, Ana-Maria Oros-Peusquens, Elisabeth G. Pacyna, Jozef M. Pacyna, Robert D. Perry, John M. Pettifor, Stephanie Pfaffen, Dieter Rehder, Lothar Rink, Anthony B. Schryvers, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Eric P. Skaar, Miguel C. P. Soares, Kyrre Sundseth, Dennis J. Thiele, Richard B. Thompson, Meghan M. Verstraete, Gonzalo Visbal, Fudi Wang, Mian Wang, Thomas J. Webster, Jeffrey N. Weiser, Günter Weiss, Inga Wessels, Bin Ye, Judith T. Zelikoff, Lihong Zhan
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