51 research outputs found
Kuppuswamy′s socioeconomic status scale for urban community: Updating income ranges for the year 2013
No full textSoftware defined virtualized cloud radio access network (SD-vCRAN) and programmable EPC for 5G
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonThis thesis focuses on proposing a Software Defined Network (SDN) based programmable and capacity optimized backhaul and core network which is critical for 5G network design. Cloud Radio Access networks (CRAN) which is key enabler of 5G networks can address a number of challenges that mobile operators face while trying to support ever-growing end-users’ needs towards 5th generation of mobile networks (5G). A novel layered and modular programmable CRAN architecture called Software Defined Virtualised Cloud Radio Access Network (SD-vCRAN) is introduced with Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Network (SDN) capabilities. The SDN-Base Band Unit (BBU) pool is shifted to the programmable core network site, where a centralised SDN controller manages the network servers and virtualised network function entities – Mobile Management Entity (MME), Serving/Packet Data Network Data plane (S/PGW-D), Serving/Packet Data Network Control plane (S/PGW-C), Software Network Defined Baseband Unit (SDN-BBU) and Local controllers (LC) via OpenFlow (OF) protocol. This approach simplifies network operations, improve traffic management, enable system-wide optimisation of Quality of Service (QoS) and network-aware application development. The control plane (excluding the preserved 3GPP standard interfaces: S1-MME, S6a, Gx) managed by the network servers provides load balancing, traffic management and optimisation tools for the data plane. The proposed work starts by reviewing the requirements of 5G networks, followed by discussion on 5G backhaul and core challenge. Then, an overview of CRAN, Evolved Programmable Core (EPC), SDN, NFV and related works. The simulation details of the proposed architecture are discussed along with the challenges faced by adopting SDN and NFV in mobile core. A thorough assessment of the interfaces and protocols that should be conserved or enhanced on both data and control plane is conducted. The result enables an architecture where the SDN-BBU pool shares a single cloud with the programmable EPC and the control plane is migrated from the network elements to a centralized controller, running on a virtual machine in the mobile core. The data and control plane separation removes overlaps and provides better signalling, as well as efficient network functioning to comply with latency demands. The proposed system performance is validated in terms of throughput, datagram loss, and packet delay variation under three scenarios: 1. single policy installation, 2. multiple policy installation and 3. load balancing. The load balancing performance of proposed system is validated comparing the performance of two different SDN controllers: Floodlight and OpenDaylight, where the later performs better in terms of throughput (no bandwidth restriction), packet loss (below 0.3%) and jitter (below 0.2ms). Furthermore, a detailed comparison of two SDN controller’s – Floodlight and OpenDaylight performances is presented, which shows that OpenDaylight performs better only for less dense networks which needs less processing of messages without being blocked, and the Floodlight performs better in ultra-dense network. Some directions and preliminary thoughts for future work and necessary information to operators for building their roadmap to the upcoming technologies is presented
The model for assembly of the contractile sheath of Anti-feeding prophage (Afp)- a phage tail-like protein translocation structure
No full textThe Anti-feeding prophage (Afp) derived from the bacterium Serratia entomophila is a headless contractile phage tail-like particle. When ingested by grass grub Costelytra giveni, a major pasture pest in New Zealand, it causes cessation of feeding activity. Afp and its closest orthologues termed Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes (PVC) encoded by the insecticidal bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, are collectively termed as phage-like protein translocation structures (PLTSs). T6SS, Rtype pyocins, and PLTSs together constitute the family of contractile phage tail-like particles (CPTPs). The Afp is encoded by a cluster of 18 genes. The expressed products of Afp1-Afp15 combine to form a structure called the Tube Baseplate Complex (TBC), whereas Afp1 -Afp16 form a sheathed Afp particle of 110 nm in length. Differing from R-type pyocins and the T4 bacteriophage, Afp is comprised of three sheath proteins - Afp2, Afp3, and Afp4. Afp4 is located above the baseplate, while Afp2 and Afp3 are the main sheath components polymerising around the TBC. Afp length is determined by the ruler protein Afp14 and Afp16 is the tail termination protein (TrP) that is also involved in the process of sheath maturation. Recently, the three-dimensional atomic structure of the Afp in the extended and contracted forms has been reported. To date, the information on the process of sheath maturation is limited in contractile bacteriophages and CPTPs. Using targeted mutagenesis combined with transcomplementation of the resultant Afp variants and transmission electron microscopy, several key mutations were identified that altered the process of Afp sheath maturation. One key sheath mutation in Afp2, resulted in the formation of TBC like particles (at least 70%) of consistent length where the central tube was observed surrounded by a polymerizing material. The mutation also yielded a high frequency of detached baseplates and tail fibres. Other significant sheath mutations revealed their role in sheath and tube length termination and in baseplate and tail fibre assembly. Trans complementation of the mutated genes restored Afp activity in grass grubs. Furthermore, trans and cis based expression of a series of carboxyl-terminal and internal deletions of Afp16 with Afp1-Afp15∆2 and Afp1-Afp15 resulted in the presence of multiple detached baseplates without tail fibres and different variations of the sheath, tubes, and TBCs, thereby further defining the role of Afp16 in sheath stabilization and baseplate assembly. Additionally, protein-protein interaction studies between sheath proteins, sheath/TrP, sheath/Afp16 C-terminal and internal truncations, Afp15/Afp16 and Afp14/Afp15 using IMAC purification, LC_MS/MS, SEC, SEC-MALS and Native-PAGE further strengthened the understanding of sheath maturation. The combined results of this study have allowed a refinement of the model of Afp sheath maturation that will be discussed
Heat Transfer in MHD Mixed Convection Viscoelastic Fluid Flow over a Stretching Sheet Embedded in a Porous Medium with Viscous Dissipation and Non-uniform Heat Source/Sink
No full textAbstractA numerical model is developed to study the MHD mixed convective boundary layer viscoelastic fluid flow over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium in presence of viscous dissipation and non-uniform heat source have been investigated. The variation of porosity is assumed. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by applying suitable similarity transformations. The numerical solution of the problem is also obtained by the efficient Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting technique. Here two types of different heating processes are considered namely, PST and PHF cases. The effect of various physical parameters such as Prandtl number, Eckert number, magnetic parameter, convection parameter and porous parameter which determine the temperature profiles are shown in several plots. Some important findings reported in this work reveals that the effect of viscous dissipation and non uniform heat source have significant impact in controlling the rate of heat transfer in the boundary layer region
Can the contra-lateral limb be used as a control with respect to analyses of bone remodelling?
No full textBone loss may result from remodelling initiated by implant stress protection. Quantifying remodelling requires bone density distributions which can be obtained from computed tomography scans. Pre-operative scans of large animals however are rarely possible. This study aimed to determine if the contra-lateral bone is a suitable control for the purpose of quantifying bone remodelling. CT scans of 8 pairs of ovine tibia were used to determine the likeness of left and right bones. The deviation between the outer surfaces of the bone pairs was used to quantify geometric similarity. The density differences were determined by dividing the bones into discrete volumes along the shaft of the tibia. Density differences were also determined for fractured and contra-lateral bone pairs to determine the magnitude of implant related remodelling. Left and right ovine tibiae were found to have a high degree of similarity with differences of less than 1.0 mm in the outer surface deviation and density difference of less than 5% in over 90% of the shaft region. The density differences (10–40%) as a result of implant related bone remodelling were greater than left-right differences. Therefore, for the purpose of quantifying bone remodelling in sheep, the contra-lateral tibia may be considered an alternative to a pre-operative control
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ABO RH BLOOD GROUPS AND ORALPOTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDERS
No full textBackground: A number of potentially malignant disorders like leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral submucous fibrosis constitute a detectable pre-clinical phase of oral cancer. There is a high prevalence of these lesions in India, which is attributed to culture, ethnic, geographic factors, low socio-economic status and varying lifestyle factors. The genetic relation of these lesions is less studied. Blood groups play an important role in the immunogenetic system. Very few studies have been done in India to see the association between blood group and potentially malignant disorders. Hence the present study was under taken to assess the relationship between ABO Rh blood group and oral potentially malignant disorders. Materials and methods: 154 cases with oral potentially malignant disorders diagnosed based on the WHO criteria (1980) were included in the study. Patients reporting to M.S.Ramaiah Dental and Hospital, Bangalore and Kaiwara center (a peripheral outreach center) were included in the study after obtaining an informed consent. Information regarding sociodemographic details was collected using proforma and blood group was assessed using blood group kit with Rapid slide test method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software11. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were used to find the correlation. Result: Out of 154 cases, 88(57.14%) were males and 66(42.86%) females. 84(54.5%) cases were leukoplakia, 2(1.3%) cases were erythroplakia, 53(34.4%) cases were OSMF and 15(9.7%) cases were with multiple oral potentially malignant disorders. 57(37.01%) of cases belonged to B+ve blood group followed by 37(20.43%) belonged to A+ve blood group. Conclusion: The cases with B +ve blood group were more susceptible for the development of oral potentially malignant disorders, followed by A+ve blood group
Assessing the Prevalence and knowledge of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among highway construction workers
No full textDOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11408880
The aims of our study were to evaluate the prevalence and knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors in workplace and the global risk among workers. Data collected during these examinations included BMI and blood pressure as well as habits like smoking and physical exercise. The body mass index (BMI) of each worker was calculated and classified into four groups: underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI = 18.5-23.5 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 23.5-26 kg/m2), and obese (BMI > 26 kg/m2). The clinic performed the blood sample test to examine the blood glucose (fasting or random) and the total cholesterol level. Participants with hypertension were 279 (45.07%) whereas 340(54.92%) with no any hypertension. Workers with less than a 10th-grade education were more likely to be in the high-risk category, although this difference was not statistically significant. Fasting blood glucose levels were generally normal in 396 (63.97%) participants. Participants 411 (66.39%) moderate in Physical Activity. Triglyceride was generally Normal in 389 (62.22%). The majority of tobacco and alcohol users were 379 (61.22%) and 286 (46.20%), respectively. in this assessment, 596 know Alcohol consumption raises CVD risk, 503 answers NO to Exercise regularly increases CVD risk, 367 pointed Table salt use increases CVD risk, 569 are aware that obesity increases CVD risk, 602 are aware that smoking increases CVD risk, 538 are aware that hypertension increases CVD risk, and 493 Opted NO to vegetable/fruit eating increases CVD risk
A study on leakage current characteristics of polymeric insulators for different pollution layers
No full textPromoting Sustainable Indian Textiles: final report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), London, UK
No full textIn 2009, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), through the Sustainable Development Dialogue (SDD) fund, backed the Centre for Sustainable Fashion (CSF) at London College of Fashion and Pearl Academy of Fashion (PAF), New Delhi to run a project to promote Indian sustainable textiles. Improving patterns of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in India and the UK is one of the agreed areas for collaboration under the UK-India Sustainable Development Dialogue. The project is also part of a body of work taking place under the Defra Sustainable Clothing Roadmap, which aims to improve the sustainability of clothing. Defra has identified that ‘while an economic success story (globally worth over £500 billion) the industry has a significant environmental and social footprint across its supply chain.’
The Roadmap aims to improve the sustainability of clothing by gathering a robust evidence base of impacts and working with a wide range of stakeholders, to build on existing interventions. For more details on the roadmap see: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/products/roadmaps/clothing/index.htm
This report is only one of the dissemination tools associated with the project. The project film, images and website should be viewed in conjunction with this report
- …
