1,720,961 research outputs found
Payment for environmental services and recovery index of areas in the hydrographic basin under the influence of the small São Simão hydroelectric power station, Alegre, ES
No full textA produção agropecuária baseada no sistema de cultivo convencional possibilita uma maior ocorrência dos processos erosivos. A erosão hídrica é um problema que ocorre em todo o território nacional e ocasiona a desagregação das partículas do solo e o carreamento dessas e seus nutrientes para os cursos d’água. Avaliou-se neste trabalho o uso e cobertura da terra, a erosividade anual da chuva e a perda de solo na bacia hidrográfica da pequena central hidrelétrica São Simão e desenvolveu um método de identificação das áreas que necessitam ser recuperadas e de pagamento por serviços ambientais. Os valores de perda de solo foram obtidos em conformidade com a equação universal de perda de solos e as áreas de preservação permanente foram identificadas com base no novo código florestal. O índice de necessidade de recuperação de áreas desmatadas ou degradadas e o modelo de ressarcimento por hectare preservado ou a ser recuperado foram obtidos com o uso do processo de análise hierárquica. A bacia em estudo apresenta aproximadamente 70% da sua área ocupada com pastagem e 13,86% com mata nativa e mata nativa em estágio inicial de regeneração. Identificou-se a necessidade de que 927,52 ha ou 26,36% da bacia fossem mantidos como áreas de preservação permanente, com destaque para classe de cursos d’água com 740,31 ha, contudo, apenas 11,80% dessas áreas encontram-se reflorestadas. Os valores de erosividade média anual das chuvas foram identificados como médio a forte e forte tanto para o estado do Espírito Santo quanto para a bacia em estudo. Houve aumento no valor máximo da perda de solo após a implantação da pequena central hidrelétrica São Simão, tendo a classe de solo exposto apresentado a maior perda com valor máximo de 1.302,22 t ha -1 ano -1 e a classe de mata nativa a menor perda com valor máximo de 1,80 t ha -1 ano -1 . O índice de necessidade de recuperação de áreas desmatadas ou degradadas indicou que 809,31 ha necessitam ser recuperados. A bacia hidrográfica quase não apresentou alteração no uso e cobertura da terra nos períodos antes e após a implantação da pequena central hidrelétrica. O índice de necessidade de recuperação de áreas desmatadas ou degradadas apresentou resultado satisfatório, não subestimando e nem superestimando as áreas a serem recuperadas. O programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais é pouco atrativo para as condições desenvolvidas.The farming production based on the conventional system allows a greater occuence of erosive processes. Water erosion is a problem that occurs throughout the national territory and causes the separation of soil particles and the transport of these and their nutrients to the waterways. Was evaluated in this work the use and land cover, the annual erosivity of rainfall and the loss of soil in the hydrographic basin of the small hydroelectric power station São Simão, and developed a method of identifying the areas that need to be recovered and payment for environmental services. The soil loss values were obtained in accordance with the universal soil loss equation and the permanent preservation areas were identified based on the new forest code. The index of need for recovery of deforested or degraded areas and the model of reimbursement per hectare preserved or to be recovered were obtained using the hierarchical analysis process. The basin under study presents approximately 70% of its pasture area and 13.86% with native forest and native forest in the initial stage of regeneration. It was identified the need for 927.52 ha or 26.36% of the basin to be maintained as permanent preservation areas, with featured in the class of watercourses with 740.31 ha, however, only 11.80% of these areas are reforested. The mean annual rainfall erosivity values were identified as medium to strong and strong both for the state of Espírito Santo and for the basin under study. There was an increase in the maximum value of soil loss after the implantation of the São Simão small central hydropower, with the exposed soil class presenting the highest loss with a maximum value of 1,302.22 t ha-1 year -1 and the native forest lower loss with a maximum value of 1.80 t ha-1 year -1. The need for recovery of deforested or degraded areas indicated that 809.31 ha need to be recovered. The hydrographic basin had almost no change in land use and coverage in the periods before and after the implementation of the small central hydropower. The index the need for recovery of deforested or degraded areas presented satisfactory results, not underestimating or overestimating the areas to be recovered. The program of payment for environmental services is unattractive to the conditions developed.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio
Spatial and temporal analysis of the factors of water erosion in oxisol yellow red under cultivation of pasture and eucalyptus
No full textThe study aimed to estimate soil loss by middle of USLE in a farming area with pasture and eucalyptus of three years of age, implanted under the pasture in area declivosa in the Southern State of ES. To estimate soil loss in the study area was made a regular mesh of 33 x 33m in a area of 10,02 ha getting 94 points of sample collection. Thematic maps were elaborated of rainfall erosivity (R) for the entire State of ES in a ten year period (1999 to 2008) relative for the cultivation of pasture and three years (2009 to 2011) relative for the cultivation of eucalyptus. Were also elaborated thematic maps of soil erodibility (K) for the study area. The thematic map of the LS factor for the study area was obtained by through of combination of steepness factor and length ramp between each sample point. The factors of USLE C and P were obtained by querying literary. The occurrence likelihood of erosivity above the third quartile for the State of ES was calculated by middle of the kriging technique indicative. A descriptive analysis was performed to determine the measurements of position and dispersion data and the normality of the data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at level in 5% probability and the results related to two period of cultivation, when necessary were compared by the test Students t test at level in 5%. All granulometric fractions and content organic study matter of soil presented spatial dependence, indicating the variability of the same within the study area. In 42,7% of the study area, increased the content of organic matter content during the cultivation period of eucalyptus when compared with the pasture, however, the content showed no significant difference (p <0.05) for the two cultures. The Center-South region of the state of ES showed the values highest annual erosivity during cultivation of the two species. However, the values of erosivity in the study area were of 8.227,2 and 8.043,2 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 for the period of pasture and of eucalyptus, respectively. The K factor showed the same pattern of spatial distribution for the study area during the cultivation of two species, being the highest values obtained in the Northwest and Southwest regions. The values of soil loss ranged from 0.0 to 14.5 t ha-1 year-1 during the period cultivated of pasture and 0.0 to 3.5 t ha-1 year-1 during the period cultivated of Eucalyptus. Soil loss in the cultivation of pasture was of 74 the 77% higher than that obtained in the cultivation of eucalyptus, being average loss of 75.4%. Some municipalities presented of 91-100% of probability of occurrence of rainfall erosivity above the third quartile, being the values most critical in the months between October and April, therefore, these municipalities need to adopt conservation practices to preserve soil. The clay and organic matter presented correlated negative with PAP, DAP and AB. Thus, eucalyptus can be used for the recovery and/or regeneration of grazing areas degraded or degradation processO estudo teve como objetivo estimar a perda de solo por meio da EUPS em uma área de cultivo com pastagem e com eucalipto de três anos de idade, implantado sob a pastagem em área declivosa no Sul do Estado do ES. Para estimar a perda de solo na área de estudo foi confeccionada uma malha
regular 33 x 33m em uma área de 10,02 ha, obtendo-se 94 pontos de coleta de amostras. Foram elaborados mapas temáticos da erosividade das chuvas (R) para todo o Estado do ES em um período de dez anos (1999 a 2008) referentes ao cultivo da pastagem e três anos (2009 a 2011) referentes ao
cultivo do eucalipto. Também foram elaborados mapas temáticos da erodibilidade do solo (K) para a área de estudo. O mapa temático do fator LS para a área de estudo foi obtido por meio da combinação do fator declividade e comprimento de rampa entre cada ponto amostral. Os fatores C e P da EUPS
foram obtidos por meio de consulta literária. A probabilidade de ocorrência daerosividade acima do terceiro quartil para o Estado do ES foi calculada por meio da técnica de krigagem indicativa. A análise descritiva foi realizada para determinar as medidas de posição e dispersão dos dados e a normalidade dos
dados foram analisadas pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov em nível de 5% de probabilidade e os resultados referentes aos dois períodos de cultivo, quando necessários foram comparados pelo teste t de Student em nível de 5%. Todas
as frações granulométricas e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo em estudo apresentaram dependência espacial, indicando a variabilidade dos mesmos dentro da área de estudo. Em 42,7% da área de estudo, houve aumento do teor de matéria orgânica durante o período de cultivo do eucalipto, quando
comparado com a pastagem, no entanto, os teores não apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as duas culturas. A região Centro-Sul do Estado do ES apresentou os maiores valores de erosividade anual durante o cultivo das
duas espécies. Contudo, os valores de erosividade na área de estudo foram de 8.227,2 e 8.043,2 MJ mm ha-1 h-1, para o período de cultivo da pastagem e do eucalipto, respectivamente. O fator K apresentou o mesmo padrão de distribuição espacial para a área de estudo durante o cultivo das duas espécies, sendo os maiores valores obtidos nas regiões Noroeste e Sudoeste. Os valores de perda de solo variaram de 0,0 a 14,5 t ha-1 ano-1 durante o período de cultivo da pastagem e de 0,0 a 3,5 t ha-1 ano-1 durante o período de cultivo do eucalipto. A perda de solo no cultivo da pastagem foi de 74 a 77% superior a obtida no cultivo do eucalipto, sendo a perda média de 75,4%. Alguns municípios apresentaram de 91 a 100% de probabilidade de ocorrência
da erosividade das chuvas acima do terceiro quartil, sendo os valores mais críticos nos meses entre outubro e abril, portanto, esses municípios precisam adotar práticas conservacionistas para preservar o solo. A argila e a matéria
orgânica apresentaram correlação negativa com o PAP, DAP e a AB. Desta forma, o eucalipto pode ser utilizado para a recuperação e/ou regeneração de áreas de pastagem degradas ou em processo de degradaçã
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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