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El-İdrîsî ve Nuzhatü’l-Müştâk adlı eserinin Uzak Doğu ile ilgili bölümünün çeviri ve yorumu
Get PDFBu yüksek lisans tezi, 8’inci ve 12’inci yüzyıllar arasından günümüze ulaşan
gerek coğrafya ve haritacılık alanındaki çalışmalara gerekse seyahatnamelere
dayanarak Uzak Doğu’ya dair ilk İslâm bilgi birikimini konu edinmektedir. Bu
çerçevede, Batlamyus Coğrafyası, Hintlilerin Sindhindi ve İslâm-öncesi Pers emperyal
girişimleri gibi coğrafya temalı İslâm-öncesi çalışmaların Orta Çağ İslâm
düşünürlerini nasıl etkilediği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. İbn Ḫurdâzbih (ö. 912),
Mervezî (ö. 850), Ya’kûbî (ö. 897), en-Nedîm (10.asır), Ḫarizmî (ö. 850), Mes’ûdî (ö.
956), Sîrâfî, (10.asır), Ibn Havḳal (ö. 977), Muḳaddesî (ö. 991) ve Endelüsî’nin (ö.
1070) eserlerine, bunlarla sınırlı olmamak kaydıyla, başvurarak Orta Çağ İslâm
coğrafya pratikleri ve haritacılık geleneğinin gelişimine ilişkin genel bir değerlendirme
sunulmuştur.
Çalışmamızda Sicilyalı âlim Şerîf el-İdrîsî tarafından 12’inci yüzyılda kaleme
alınmış ve Roger’ın Kitabı olarak da bilinen şaheser Nuzhatü’l-Müştâḳ fî iḫtirâḳ elâfâḳ’
ın bazı bölümlerine özel vurgu yapılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Nuzhat’ın Kral II.
Roger’ın Şerîf el-İdrîsî’yi Palermo’daki sarayına davetinden başlayıp kendisini bir
dünya haritası çıkarmakla görevlendirmesiyle sürüp giden akışı sergilenmiştir.
Çalışma kapsamında, Nuzhat’ın Uzak Doğu temalı bölümleri Arapça aslından
İngilizce’ye (ve Türkçe’ye) tercüme edilmiştir. Son olarak Nuzhat’ın söz konusu
bölümlerinde adı geçen yerlerin ve etnolojik bölgelerin günümüzdeki mukabillerinin
daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamak üzere yorum ve değerlendirme yapılmıştır.This thesis paper talks about the earliest Islamic knowledge on the far east
based on 8th – 12th century extant works on geography and cartography as well as
travel accounts. It shows how pre-Islamic works on geography, e.g. the al-Ğuġrafiyā
of Ptolemy and the Sindhind of the Indians, and imperial practices of the pre-Islamic
Persia, influenced the thinkers of medieval Islam. It offers a comprehensive overview
on the development of Islamic geographical practices and cartographical traditions in
Middle Ages by consulting the works of Ibn Khurdādhbih (d. 912 CE), al-Marwazī (d.
887 CE), al-Ya’qūbī (d. 897 CE), al-Nadīm (fl. 10th century), al-Khwārizmī (d. 850
CE), Al-Mas’ūdī (d. 956 CE), al-Sīrāfī (fl. 10th century), ibn Hauqal (d. 977 CE), al-
Muqaddasī (d. 991 CE), al-Andalusī (d. 1070 CE), among others.
The thesis gives an special emphasis on some parts of Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fi
ikhtirāq al-āfāq also known as Book of Roger, a magnum opus written by a 12th
century Sicilian scholar, al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī. The progression of Nuzhat, which started
upon the invitation of King Roger II of al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī to his court in Palermo and
the commissioning of the latter to make a map of the world, is also shown in this
endeavor. The sections of Nuzhat that talk about the far east are translated from its
original language to Turkish and English. And finally, a commentary part is written to
further understand the modern-day names of places and ethnological parts mentioned
in Nuzhat
The Evaluation of the Medical Plants of Hildegard of Bingen's Physica in Terms of Science History
Get PDFBingenli Hildegard, 12. yüzyılda Almanya'da Mainz şehri yakınında
yaşamıştır. Küçük yaşta Benedikten Tarikatı’na giren Hildegard,daha sonra
Disibodenberg Manastırı Başrahibesi olmuştur. O dönem için uzun bir ömür sayılan
81 yıllık yaşamında çok kapsamlı teoloji ve doğa kitapları yazmış, Orta Çağ'ın ilk
müzikalini bestelemiş ve dönemin önemli ve hatırı sayılır kişileri ile mektuplaşmıştır.
Hildegard, manastır hayatına getirdiği, devrimci nitelikte olduğu söylenebilecek
yeniliklerle de tanınmaktadır.
Hildegard, teolojik eserlerini Tanrı tarafından ona gönderilen rüyetler
aracılığı ile yazdığını söyler. Doğayı ve insanı ele alan Physica ve Causae et curae
adındaki kitapları için ise bir kaynak vermez. Fakat bu kitaplar,kendisine belli
kaynaklardan ulaşmadıkça, bilmesinin mümkün olmadığı bazı ilaç reçeteleri ve doğa
bilgileri içerir. Hildegard'ın başlıca kaynakları,kilise tıbbının yüzyıllardır aktarılan
deneyimleri, nesilden nesile aktarılan bilgiler ve o dönemde İslam tıp kaynaklarından
Latinceye çevrilen eserler olmalıdır. Bu sorunlara bir örnek, Hildegard'ın Physica
adındaki doğa kitabıdır. Physica, yapısı bakımından Summarium Heinrici adlı bir
kitabı andırmasının dışında, içerdiği çok kapsamlı bilgiler bakımından başka hiç bir
kitaba benzemez. Physica hem Avrupa'da hem de yabancı bölgelerde bulunan
mineralleri, bitkileri ve hayvanları eczacılık açısından ele alır.Bingenli Hildegard, bütün eserlerini Latince yazmıştır. Biz, eserin üzerinde
çalıştığımız kısmını (Bitkiler ve Temel Gıdalar), Ortrun Riha’nın Physica’nın en
güvenilir tercümelerinden birisi olan Almanca çevirisinden Türkçeye aktardık.
Hildegard, bitkiler hakkında yer yer dağınık olarak bilgi verdiğinden ve
sıklıkla tekrara düştüğünden, tezde Türkçe çeviri analitik olarak yapılmıştır. Bu
aktarım şekli, Bingenli Hildegard tarafından verilen bilgilere daha kolay, pratik ve
sistematik ulaşımı sağlamıştır.Hildegard of Bingen, who lived in the 12th century near the city of Mainz,
entered the Order of the Benedict at a young age and later she became abbess at the
Disibodenberg Monastery. In her 81 years of life, considered to be a long life in the
Middle Age, she wrote, in a comprehensive manner, books of theology and nature.
She composed the first musical play of the Middle Age and had exchanges of letters
with figures of great authority. Hildegard is also known for the revolutionary
novelties she brought to the monastery life.
Hildgards tells that she wrote her theological books through the visions sent
by God. She does not provide a source for her books Physica and Causae et Curae,
which deal with nature and man. But these books contain some prescriptions and
nature information that it is not possible for her to know unless they reach her from
certain sources. For example: Hildegard's work entitled Physica; which treats
minerals, plants and animals from a pharmaceutical point of view, resembles no
other book in terms of the information it contains. Hildegard’s main resources must
have been the experiences transmitted for centuries in church medicine, the
information that passes from generation to generation and Islamic medical sources
that were translated to Latin at that period.
We have used the German translation by Ortrun Riha, one of the most reliable
translations of Physica, as the main source of our work.
Since Hildegard gives dispersed information from time to time and often
repeats herself, Turkish translation is done analytically in the thesis. This form of
transfer has made it easier, practical and systematic to access the information
provided by Hildegard of Bingen
Süleymân el-Mehrî’nin el-’Umde el-Mehriyye fî Dabt el-’Ulum el-Bahriyye Adlı Eseri : Çeviri ve Yorum
No full textBu tez, çağının mümtaz kılavuz kaptanlarından biri olan Arap yarımadası
Mahâre kökenli Süleymân el-Mehrî tarafından kaleme alınmış el-’Umde el-Mehrîyye
fî Ḍabṭı’l-‘Ulûmi’l-Baḥriyye adlı on altıncı yüzyılın en kıymetli Hint Okyanusu
seyrüsefer rehberini incelemektedir. Bu çalışma; büyük bir iştiyakla Gabriel
Ferrand’ın (ö.1935) XV ve XVI’ıncı Asırlarda Arap ve Portekiz Seyrüsefer ve
Güzergâh Kılavuzu (Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais de XVe et
XVIe) adlı yarım kalan çalışmasını sürdürmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ferrand’ın başlangıçta
altı ciltlik bir bilimsel çalışma olarak planlanmış bu eseri ömrü vefa etmediği için
tamamlanamamıştır. Bu bakımdan, bütün halinde esas olarak Ahmed ibn Mâcid ve
Süleymân el-Mehrî’nin kullandığı seyrüsefer aygıtları ve yönergelerini kapsayan altı
cildin sadece üç cildi tamamlanıp basılabilmiştir. Kalan üç cildin ise esas olarak el-
Mehrî’nin ʼİlmü’l-Baḥr adlı eserinde kaydettiği çalışmaları kapsaması
planlanmaktaydı. Bu minval üzere çalışmamızda yalnızca el-Mehrî’nin söz konusu
kıymetli eserine yoğunlaşılmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak, el-’Umde ilk defa Arapça
aslından Türkçe ve İngilizce’ye bütünüyle tercüme edilmiş; daha kolay anlaşılıp
istifade edilebilmesi için sadeleştirilmiş bir yorumla birlikte okuyucuya sunulmuştur.
Bu çalışmada ayrıca Süleymân el-Mehrî öncesi Hint Okyanusu’nun hem açık
deniz hem kıyı boylarında gerçekleştirilen seyrüsefer uygulamalarına ilişkin söz
konusu bölgenin yerlisi olan Çinliler, Persler, Hintliler, Malaylar ve Araplar nezdinde
kısa bir genel bakışa yer verilmiştir. Çalışmamızda Süleymân el-Mehrî’nin diğer üç
büyük denizciyle, yani Ahmed ibn Mâcid (ö.1500), Seydî ‘Alî Çelebi (ö.1562) ve
Vasco de Gama’nın (ö.1524) yaşamları ve eserleriyle, bağlantısına da yer
verilmektedir. Süleymân el-Mehrî’nin bu önemli ortaçağ seyrüsefer eserinin daha iyi
anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamak üzere birincil kaynakların yanı sıra özenle seçilen ikincil
kaynaklardan da yararlanılmıştır.This thesis looks at the greatest sixteenth (16th) century nautical instruction on
Indian Ocean entitled Al-‘Umda al-Mahrīya fī ḍabṭ al-‘Ulūm al-Baḥriyya written by
Sulaimān al-Mahrī, a distinguished sea pilot of his time of an Arabian Mahara origin.
It ambitiously aims to carry on the unfinished work by Gabriel Ferrand (d. 1935)
entitled Instructions Nautiques et Routiers Arabes et Portugais de XVe et XVIe.
Ferrand’s work originally intended to be a six volumes treatise, but due to his untimely
death, he was only able to complete and published three of the six volumes all of which
are mainly on the nautical instruments and instructions practiced by the two navigators
Aḥmad ibn Māğid and Sulaimān al-Mahrī. The remaining three volumes were
supposed to cover the translation of the works of al-Mahrī who wrote mainly on ʼIlm
al-Baḥr. For this endeavor, primary focus is given only on the abovementioned
greatest work of al-Mahrī. The entire treatise of Al-‘Umda is completely translated for
the very first time from its original Arabic text to Turkish and English, accompanied
with simplified commentary adopted for the readers’ benefit and understanding.
The thesis also gives an overview of pre-Sulaimān al-Mahrī navigational
practices in Indian Ocean, both open seas and coastal sailing, according to its
indigenous inhabitants such as the Chinese, Persians, Indians, Malays and Arabs. It
also covers the interconnection of the lives and works of three great navigators namely
Aḥmad ibn Māğid (d. 1500), Sīdī ‘Alī Çelebi (d. 1562), and Vasco de Gama (d. 1524)
to Sulaimān al-Mahrī. Primary sources and carefully selected secondary sources where
used in this work to supplement better understanding of this important medieval
nautical work of al-Mahrī
Arabic sciences in the humboldtian cosmos: Potentials for the humboldt forum
No full text[No abstract available
From Alexander von Humboldt to Fuat Sezgin on the Discovery of America - A Comparative Historiography
No full text1st International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Symposium of Islamic History of Science -- JUN 13-15, 2019 -- Istanbul, TURKEYAlexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) not only studied the history of the discovery of America intensively but he also acknowledged the contributions of Arabic sciences to the universal scientific heritage of humanity. Humboldt referred to astronomers and geographers from the flourishing period of sciences during the era of the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun (r. 813/819-833) in Baghdad, and he studied the adaption of Arabic astronomical-geographical works by Christoph Columbus who set sail in late Summer 1492 from the Canary Islands in order to follow a western sea route to the Far East. Humboldt could not be aware of the America map of the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis (ca. 1470-1554) which was found in 1929 in Istanbul's Topkapi Palace, giving new impetuses to the history of the discovery of America. The Piri Rei s maps were studied by Paul Kahle (1933) and Afet Inan (1937, 1954, 1974). Fuat Sezgin embedded the Piri Re.is America map in a wider historical context of sciences, integrating relevant texts, maps and practices interdisciplinary and cross-culturally. While overcoming Eurocentric approaches, Fuat Sezgin introduced a universal understanding of the discovery of America. The historiography of assumed European discoveries requires decolonization. Keywords: History of Discoveries, Decolonial History of Cartography, A. v. Humboldt / F. Sezgi
Beyond the screen - from virtual reality to moving museums: Turkey's potential in a postmigrant era
Get PDFPostcolonial debates that discuss the genesis, character and development of the museum institution in Canada, the USA, Oceania and Western Europe have revealed the necessity to newly conceptualize museum studies (museology) in a dialogical and transcultural manner. While there is the need to decolonize imperial museums and to restitute stolen artefacts, objects, works of art and monuments, a notable trend is replacing museum objects by replicas. The development of digital, 3-D and other binary technologies makes it more and more difficult for the wider public to distinguish replicas from originals. In the context of continuing restitution debates, the question about which museum hosts the original object and which hosts the replica might become of importance. Furthermore, it is obvious that historicity of material cultures and objects bear an aura that communicates with the "viewer," which is an emotional relationship that cannot be replaced by digitization and virtual reality. The pervasive two-dimensionality in daily life, often from early childhood, longs for alternatives. Museums have the potential to recover creative spaces for emotional and dialogical ways of perception and learning beyond the screen. Turkey shows a specific history of its museums which were influenced by 19th centuries European developments but were differing from British, German or French colonial ethnographic epistemologies. The latter were driven by strategies of collecting material cultures and arts in Asia, Africa, America and Oceania. Turkey is currently hosting around four million refugees in a relatively young post-migrant society, a new museology on the move might pave the way for a more harmonious understanding of history
Arabic traces in Alexander Humboldt’s Kosmos and Central Asian geographies
Get PDFAlexander Humboldt ranks among the scholars of Weimar Classicism who not only
appreciated Arabic contributions to the universal heritage of sciences but revived a long lost
cosmological and universal understanding of sciences, tracing back to flourishing periods of
the Abbasids from early 9th century onwards. A universalistic approach to historical layers
of sciences follows long-term developments, retracing historical layers in sciences’ history
while overcoming outdated Eurocentric concepts of periodization (middle ages, modernity
etc.). The Abbasid Era under Caliph Ma’mūn in the first third of 9th ACE with Baghdad at
its center introduced an Early Enlightenment reaching finally Middle Europe. Scientific
classifications were approved, interdisciplinary, experimental sciences enhanced and scientific
travelling flourished. Alexander Humboldt not only reflected upon Arabic contributions to
the universal heritage of sciences but followed up Arabic universalism himself, applying it
during his scientific travelling. The Humboldtian approach combined scientific traveling with
interdisciplinary observations, determinations (geographic coordinates), and classifications
from the very beginnings onwards. When traveling Central Asia in 1829, he especially showed
an interest to Arabic contributions in the field of geography and cartography. Humboldt had
not only studied Arabic sources on Central Asia but compared historical coordinates with
his own measurements. The source studies of Fuat Sezgin (1924–2018) enable nowadays
to comprehend the important contributions of Arabic-Islamic geography and cartography,
and while contextualizing the rich fund historically, Eurocentric distortions in the history of
science, here geography and cartography, losing their relevancy
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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