1,721,095 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism in the kidney and its effect on blood pressure
No full textTitelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis
Einleitung
Eigene Arbeiten
Relevante Originalarbeiten - Teil 1
Relevante Originalarbeiten - Teil 2
Diskussion
Zusammenfassung
Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Literaturverzeichnis
AnhangDie Substratspezifität des Mineralokortikoid-Rezeptors (MR) in der Niere ist
nicht Rezeptor- sondern überwiegend Enzym-vermittelt. Die Bindung von Kortisol
an den MR wird durch das Enzym 11beta-HSD2 verhindert, da es das aktive
Kortisol zu Kortison inaktiviert. Beim Menschen sind Mutationen des 11beta-
HSD2 Gens beschrieben. Sie verursachen das Apparente Mineralokortikoid Exzess
(AME) Syndrom, das durch einen schweren Kortisol-induzierten Hypertonus,
Hypokaliämie und Wachstumsschwäche bei Kindern gekennzeichnet ist. Eine
erworbene Schwäche der 11beta-HSD2 kommt durch Lakritzkonsum zustande. Bei
einigen Krankheitsbildern, wie der essentiellen Hypertonie und
Niereninsuffizienz wird eine verminderte 11beta-HSD2 Aktivität auch als
Ursache für eine vermehrte Salz- und Wasserresorption vermutet. Eine
Substratüberladung der 11beta-HSD2 durch Kortisol führt zu einer verminderten
Funktion und so zur Hypertonie und Hypokaliämie. Dies ist eine Erklärung für
die deutlich ausgeprägtere Symptomatik mit Hypokaliämie und Hypertonie beim
ektopen Cushing Syndrom im Vergleich zum adrenalen oder hypophysären Cushing.
Neben der 11beta-HSD2 gibt es noch ein weiteres 11beta-HSD Isoenzym: die
hauptsächlich in der Leber lokalisierte 11beta-HSD1, die Kortison zu Kortisol
aktiviert. Wir identifizierten beide 11beta-HSD Isoenzyme beim
Meerschweinchen, und untersuchten die Wirkung von Stress auf die 11beta-HSD
Isoenzyme. Durch ACTH Gabe beobachteten wir eine Aktivierung der hepatischen
11beta-HSD1 und eine Verschiebung des Reaktiongleichgewichtes auf die Seite
des aktiven Kortisols. Dies bedeutet, dass neben der Neusynthese und Sekretion
aus den Nebennieren, die Leber einen bedeutenden Anteil an der Kortisol-
Bereitstellung in Stressssituationen hat. Progesteron bindet, wie auch
Aldosteron und Kortisol, mit sehr hoher Affinität an den MR, ist aber ein MR
Antagonist. Wir konnten nachweisen, dass auch Progesteron durch einen Enzym-
vermittelten Metabolismus in der Niere an der MR-Bindung gehindert wird,
ähnlich dem Schutzmechanismus durch die 11beta-HSD2. Die aus Progesteron
gebildeten Metaboliten haben eine deutlich niedrigere Bindungsaffinität am MR
und sind somit inaktiv. Wir konnten die Enzyme des Progesteron-Abbaus in der
Niere identifizieren. Dies waren P450c17, 3beta-HSD Typ 2, 5alpha-Reduktase
Typ 1, und Enzyme der Aldo-Keto-Reduktase Gruppe. Weiterhin untersuchten wir
die antimineralokortikoide Wirkung von Progesteron in vivo, und erbrachten
einen Nachweis über den effektiven Progesteronabbau in vivo.
Erstaunlicherweise sind die Enzyme des Progesteron-Abbaus auch an
Androgensynthese und abbau beteiligt. Wir konnten nachweisen, dass die Niere
in der Lage ist, aus Steroidvorläufern (wie Pregnenolon und DHEA) aktive
Androgene (Testosteron und gering auch 5alpha-Dihydro-Testosteron) zu bilden.
Männer haben generell einen höheren Blutdruck als Frauen und ein höheres
Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. Der geschlechtsspezifische
Unterschied im Blutdruck tritt mit Beginn der Pubertät auf und lässt vermuten,
dass Sexualhormone, vor allem Androgene, daran beteiligt sind. Wir konnten
zeigen, dass das Gen, das für die alpha-Untereinheit des epithelialen
Natriumkanals (alpha-ENaC) kodiert, durch Testosteron reguliert wird.
Testosteron steigert über ein Androgen responsives Element direkt die alpha-
ENaC Expression. Dies könnte eine Erklärung für die geschlechtsspezifischen
Unterschiede im Blutdruck sein.The substrate specificity of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is not
receptor-specific, but enzyme-specific. The enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) inactivates cortisol to its metabolite
cortisone. The latter is not able to bind to the MR. Mutations in the 11beta-
HSD2 gene cause the apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, which is
characterized by a cortisol-induced hypertension, hypokalemia and growth
retardation in children. An acquired form of 11beta-HSD2 insufficiency is
caused by chronic liquorice ingestion. In patients with essential
hypertension, especially low-renin hypertension, or with renal insufficiency,
a reduced 11beta-HSD2 activity is suspected to be responsible for increased
sodium and water reabsorption. The 11beta-HSD2 enzyme may be overloaded by the
substrate cortisol in ectopic ACTH syndrome explaining the more pronounced
symptoms of hypertension and hypokalemia in those patients compared to those
with adrenal or pituitary Cushing´s syndrome. The second 11beta-HSD isozyme is
the 11beta-HSD1, which is mainly expressed in the liver and activates
cortisone to cortisol. We identified both 11beta-HSD isozymes in the guinea
pig and investigated their regulation in stress situations. Treatment with
ACTH resulted in an increased activation of cortisone to cortisol in the
liver. This indicates that the liver is able to supply the body with
additional cortisol in stress situations besides the increased synthesis and
secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Progesterone binds to the MR with
similar affinity as cortisol and aldosterone, but progesterone is a MR
antagonist. We showed the existence of a progesterone metabolizing system
which protects the MR against high progesterone concentrations similar to the
mechanism of 11beta-HSD2 against cortisol. Progesterone metabolites showed a
reduced binding affinity to the MR and are inactive. We identified the
following enzymes of the progesterone metabolism in the kidney: P450c17,
3beta-HSD type 2, 5alpha-reductase type 1, and enzymes of the aldo-keto-
reductase family. We examined the anti-MR effect of progesterone in vivo and
showed the effective progesterone metabolism in vivo. Surprisingly, the
enzymes, which are involved in progesterone metabolism, are able to synthesize
androgens from androgen precursors (pregnenolone to DHEA; and testosterone to
5alpha-dihydro-testosterone). With the onset of puberty boys and men have a
higher blood pressure and are more susceptible to hypertension than girls and
women. This indicates a possible involvement of sex steroids, e.g. androgens,
in blood pressure regulation. We showed that testosterone directly induces the
expression of the alpha-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (alpha-ENaC),
a key regulator of renal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure regulation,
via an androgen-responsive element in the promoter region of this gene. This
can be a possible mechanism of gender specific blood pressure regulation
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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