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    Studying Democracy in Europe: Conceptualization, Measurement and Indices

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    Given the academic and media salience of democracy and its measurement, in this contribution we take a closer look at the various existing datasets. For this purpose, in the first two sections we look at democratic conceptualization and measurement, and then focus on the most used datasets on democracy and assess them against the conceptual criteria illustrated in the first section. The third section focuses on the notion of quality of democracy and how it has advanced the understanding of contemporary democracies. The subsequent section illustrates changes in democratic scoring in European countries over the past 15 years. Our results show that democracy has not become more robust in European countries: on the contrary, several countries witnessed significant democratic deterioration. Furthermore, we show that - with the exception of Polity - the indexes analysed are highly correlated and therefore could be equally useful for an ongoing analysis of European democracies

    First report of Bombus terrestris xanthopus Kriechbaumer on the Italian peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

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    A male specimen of Bombus terrestris (L. 1758) showing an intermediate colour between the subspecies xanthopus Kriechbaumer 1870 endemic to Corsica and the subspecies terrestris ubiquitous in the mainland was found within samples collected in 1999 on the Tuscan coast. Hybrid specimens between these subspecies are common on some of the islands of the Tuscan archipelago, while others only have pure populations. The fi nding is signifi cant as it could signal the spread of the subspecies xanthopus to the mainland. We consider and discuss the circumstances of the fi nding. © Société Entomologique de France
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