1,720,973 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Immunogenetics of infection: MHC class I molecules and NK cell receptors interplay in the recognition of MCMV-infected cell and infection outcome
No full textHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus found commonly in the world population, causing a severe and potentially fatal disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Clinical and experimental data indicate that a subset of innate lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, plays a crucial role in resistance to infection. As infection with mouse CMV (MCMV) shares many pathophysiological aspects with the human disease, the mouse represents an excellent model to study CMV infection. The outcome of MCMV infection depends on the host genetic background and thus varies among the multiple inbred mouse strains. Importantly, mouse NK cells, through the expression of germ line encoded receptors, have the ability to recognize CMV infection, resulting in NK cell activation and the destruction of the infected cells. In each strain NK cells express amongst others, different sets of activating and inhibitory Ly49 receptors, in the presence of strain-specific MHC class I molecules, some of which are natural ligands to Ly49 receptors. Nevertheless, the exact mode of NK cell recognition of infected cell and the impact on the outcome of infection are complex and not fully understood. In order to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying innate resistance to MCMV, we have initiated a systematic study to identify the possible ligands of Ly49 receptors and the nature of their interaction. We assessed the ability of distinct activating and inhibitory Ly49 receptors to recognize MCMV infection, in the context of diverse MHC class I haplotypes in vitro and in vivo. We show that the cognate interaction between several activating Ly49 receptors and MHC class I molecules depends on the presence of the viral regulator of antigen presentation, gp34/m04. Furthermore, we illustrate that, analogous to activating Ly49 receptors, inhibitory Ly49 receptors can be triggered by MCMV infection. This complex interaction, conditional on the type of MHC class I molecules, results in a spectrum of innate immune control of MCMV spread. Altogether, our results identify the fundamental mechanisms of NK cell receptor function in the recognition and eradication of viral infection. These will provide new grounds to understand and manipulate human NK cells in response to viral infections.Le cytomégalovirus humain (HCMV) est un herpèsvirus omniprésent dans la population mondiale, qui provoque des symptômes graves et potentiellement mortels chez les nouveau-nés et les patients immunodéprimés. Les données cliniques et expérimentales indiquent qu'un sous-ensemble de lymphocytes innés, dites tueuses naturelles (NK), joue un rôle crucial dans la résistance à l'infection. Comme l'infection par le CMV murin (MCMV) partage de nombreux aspects physiopathologiques de la maladie humaine, la souris constitue un excellent modèle pour étudier l'infection par le CMV. La susceptibilité au MCMV varie grandement selon les lignées de souris congéniques et ce, en fonction de leur patrimoine génétique. Plus précisément, chaque lignée de souris exprime une variété de récepteurs activateurs ou inhibiteurs spécifiques aux cellules NK, les récepteurs Ly49, parallèlement à des répertoires de CMH de classe I variés, dont certains sont des ligands naturels des récepteurs Ly49. En effet, les cellules NK, grâce à l'expression de ces récepteurs encodés dans la lignée germinale, ont la capacité de reconnaître une infection au CMV, ce qui entraîne leur activation et la destruction des cellules infectées. Néanmoins, le mode exact de reconnaissance des cellules infectées par les cellules NK et l'impact sur l'issue de l'infection sont complexes et encore mal compris. Afin de caractériser les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent la résistance innée au MCMV, nous avons entrepris une étude systématique des ligands possibles des récepteurs Ly49 et de la nature de leur interaction. Nous avons évalué la capacité de reconnaître l'infection MCMV de différents récepteurs Ly49 activateurs ou inhibiteurs, dans le contexte de divers haplotypes de CMH de classe I in vitro et in vivo. Nous démontrons que l'interaction spécifique entre plusieurs récepteurs Ly49 activateurs et des molécules du CMH de classe I dépend de la présence de gp34/m04, un régulateur viral de la présentation d'antigène. De plus, nous montrons que, comme les récepteurs Ly49 activateurs, les récepteurs Ly49 inhibiteurs peuvent aussi être stimulés par une infection au MCMV. Cette interaction complexe, qui dépend du type de molécules de CMH de classe I, se traduit par des niveaux variable de contrôle de la propagation du MCMV par le système immunitaire. Nos résultats mettent en évidence des mécanismes fondamentaux de la fonction des récepteurs des cellules NK dans la reconnaissance et l'éradication de l'infection virale, et fournissent de nouvelles avenues pour comprendre et manipuler la réponse des cellules NK humaines aux infections virales
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
TGF-[beta]1 selectively induces Foxp3 transcription factor and regulatory functions in CD4+CD25⁻CD45RBLow T cell population
No full textCD4+ regulatory T (TREG) cells are important contributors to the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This heterogeneous population consists of naturally occurring and induced CD4 + TREG cells that share between themselves key immunoregulatory characteristics. Their phenotype and function often relies on the expression of Foxp3 transcription factor and the presence of the immunomodulating cytokine TGF-beta1. The inter-dependence between TGF-beta1 and Foxp3 in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance is gradually being elucidated. Thus, we investigated the effects of TGF-beta1 on induction or maintenance of regulatory functions in CD4+CD25- as well as CD4+CD25+ T cells. TGF-beta1 treatment was able, independent from APCs, to promote TREG cell differentiation from non-regulatory CD4+CD25- T cells in a concentration-dependent fashion through Foxp3 induction. Next, we investigated the effect of TGF-beta1 on purely naive CD4+CD25- CD45RBHIGH T cell subset. Fresh or TGF-beta1-treated CD45RBHIGH T cells did not display regulatory functions nor Foxp3 expression. In stark contrast, TGF-beta1 treatment promoted regulatory activity in the CD4 +CD25- CD45RBLOW T cells and enhanced Foxp3 expression. Interestingly, fresh CD45RBLOW cells, albeit expressing noticeable levels of Foxp3 mRNA and protein, were unable to suppress effector T (TEFF) cell proliferation. Furthermore, addition of neutralizing anti-IL-10R Ab completely abrogated this suppression, consistent with the ability of TGF-beta1 treated CD45RBLOW to synthesize IL-10 mRNA upon re-stimulation in vitro. TGF-beta1 treatment or blockade did not lead to preferential growth or enhanced function of naturally-occurring CD4+CD25+ TREG cells, yet it caused a significant increase in Foxp3 expression. Altogether, TGF-beta1 preferentially promotes the induction of IL-10 secreting CD4+ regulatory T cells from CD45RBLOW precursors through Foxp3 induction
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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