1,720,970 research outputs found
Imagery and Artificial Intelligence
No full text1 online resource (PDF, page 19-55)Pylyshyn, Zenon W.. (1978). Imagery and Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/185336
Connexionnisme et architecture cognitive : analyse critique (traduction de : Connectionism and cognitive architecture : a critical analysis, 3-71)
No full textFodor Jerry Alan, Pylyshyn Zenon W. Connexionnisme et architecture cognitive : analyse critique (traduction de : Connectionism and cognitive architecture : a critical analysis, 3-71). In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 55 n°457, 2002. Architecture cognitive et connexionnisme. Le débat. pp. 9-49
Enumerating by pointing to locations : a new method for measuring the numerosity of visual object representations
No full textThe fast and accurate enumeration of a small set of objects, called subitizing, is thought to involve a different mechanism from other numerosity judgments, such as those based on estimation. In this report, we examine the subitizing limit using a novel enumeration task that obtained the perceived locations of enumerated objects. Observers were shown brief masked displays (50, 200, and 350 ms) of 2-9 small black discs randomly placed on a gray screen and then asked to place a marker where each disc had been located. The number of these markers provided an estimate of the number of items processed. This "pointing" methodology enabled observers to accurately "enumerate" displays containing up to six items in contrast with the four-item limit typically found when using standard reporting methods (and replicated here in Experiment 2). These results suggest a different account of the limits found in most subitizing and enumeration studies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Object-specific priming benefit enhanced during explicit multiple object tracking
No full textThe referential link between an external object and its corresponding mental representation has yet to be clearly defined. Visual indexes are primitive mechanisms that act as pointers to objects in a visual scene and can be linked to descriptive mental representations. These representations, or "object files", have been demonstrated by object-specific preview benefits (OSPB), where a priming effect for object identity travels with the object in which information initially appeared. The present study explores OPSB effects during Multiple Object Tracking (MOT) to investigate the formation of object representations in a dynamic environment. All experiments reported used the MOT framework, where four identical circles moved unpredictably and independently on a computer screen. In Experiment 1, either one or two preview letters appeared briefly inside the circles during movement. At the end of the trial, one test letter appeared inside a circle and observers indicated whether or not the test letter matched any of the preview letters. Inter-stimulus intervals (ISI) between the preview and test letters varied at one, two, and four seconds (no tracking was required). Reaction times in the "same-object/same-letter" condition showed significant OSPB effects in both single and dual preview versions, but only during the one-second ISI. This suggests an automatic construction of object files that decay over time. To explore OSPB effects when attention is deployed during tracking, Experiment 2 required observers to track and identify the two objects that displayed preview letters prior to object movement (creating constant four-second ISIs). There was no OSPB effect in the non-tracking condition, which replicated the four-second ISI results in Experiment 1, but there was a significant OSPB effect in the explicit tracking condition. Experiment 3 further tested this effect by using novel symbols from an ancient alphabet (otherwise, the design was identical to Experiment 2). Again, a significant OSPB effect was observed only in the tracking condition. Taken together, these results suggest that feature binding to indexes occurs automatically, but attention is required to extend the persistence of these object representations. Such findings can inform models of referential links between external objects and mental representations.M.S.Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-36)
Enumerating by pointing to locations: the role of spatial information in counting
No full textThe fast and accurate enumeration of a small set of objects, called subitizing, is thought to involve a different mechanism from other numerosity judgments, such as those based on estimation. The underlying mechanism for small-set enumeration was examined by using a novel “pointing” task that also obtains information about the perceived locations of enumerated objects. Observers were shown brief masked displays (50, 200, and 350 ms) of 2-9 small black discs randomly placed on a gray screen. The observers then placed markers on a blank screen to indicate the locations of these discs. The number of these markers provided an estimate of enumeration accuracy. Observers could “enumerate” accurately displays containing up to six items in contrast with the four-item limit typically found. Experiment 2 replicated this lower limit by asking observers to report numerosity using cardinal symbols. Here, enumeration performance was better in the pointing task than the numeral report task. Experiments 3-5 presented alternative control tasks in addition to the pointing task. Results from these experiments indicate overall better enumeration performance in the pointing task, which suggests a non-symbolic response method produces a higher subitizing range. To characterize the mechanism underlying the pointing task, we examined the errors in the memory for object locations. Localization error was measured as the distance between corresponding stimulus discs and response markers. These errors increased in magnitude with larger numerosities and shorter display durations. Responses also indicated a compression of distances around the center of mass. Additionally, stimulus displays with higher regularity in the spacing between discs produced better enumeration and localization performance. Overall, the localization results indicate spatial information can be represented with a rough accuracy that improves when increasing exposure time to the stimulus or reducing the number of items that must be remembered. In contrast, enumeration performance showed few errors in the same range (2-6 items). Together, these results support the possibility that the Visual Indexing mechanism assists small-set enumeration by individuating and selecting discrete objects without necessarily encoding detailed information about these objects.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Harry Haroutioun Haladjia
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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