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PRODUKSI GULA PEREDUKSI DARI DEGRADASI SINGKONG MELALUI PROSES PENGADUKAN/SONIKASI DAN HIDROTERMAL
No full textSingkong memiliki kandungan karbohidrat tinggi yaitu salah satunya pati sebesar 60%. Karbohidrat tersebut dapat dikonversi menjadi berbagai macam bahan kimia maupun produk yang bernilai guna lebih tinggi (glukosa dan oligosakarida). Salah satu proses yang dapat digunakan untuk mendegradasi pati menjadi gula pereduksi adalah proses hidrotermal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan antara proses pre-treatment pelarutan dengan pemanasan dan sonikasi dengan pemanasan; mempelajari pengaruh proses pre-treatment pelarutan dengan pemanasan pada proses hidrotermal terhadap kadar gula pereduksi yang dihasilkan; dan mempelajari pengaruh kondisi operasi hidrotermal (tekanan dan waktu hidrotermal) pada proses degradasi singkong terhadap kadar gula pereduksi yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini diawali dengan melakukan pre-treatment pelarutan dengan pemanasan dan sonikasi yang disertai pengadukan. Selanjunya membuat suspensi pati 1/20 (w/v) yang kemudian dilakukan proses sonikasi dengan kondisi operasi temperatur 50 dan 60oC untuk berbagai waktu pengadukan maupun sonikasi (15-120 menit). Pada proses hidrotermal dilakukan dengan membuat suspensi pati 1/20 (w/v) dengan pre-treatmen pelarutan dengan pemanasan pada temperature 60oC selama 45 menit. Proses hidrotermal dilakukan pada temperature 100oC dengan tekanan 100 dan 200 bar untuk berbagai waktu hidrotermal (15-120 menit). Sampel yang diperoleh dari masing-masing proses dipisahkan antara padatan dan liquid untuk dianalisis. Padatan dianalisis dengan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), dan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan metode Anthrone (pati), sedangkan untuk liquid dianalisis menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis dengan metode DNS (untuk gula pereduksi). Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pada proses pre-treatment pelarutan dengan pemanasan dapat melarutkan granul pati dalam solven air sehingga terjadi homogenisasi pada pati, dengan semakin tingginya suhu pelarutan (60oC) maka semakin sedikit granul pati. Pada proses pre-treatment pengadukan disertai sonikasi dapat mengubah struktur fisik pati, dan menyebabkan pati menjadi swelling akibat suhu sonikasi yang semakin tinggi (60oC). Dari masing-masing proses pre-treatment dipilih menggunakan proses pelarutan dengan pemanasan pada kondisi temperature 60oC selama 45 menit, karena pada proses tersebut telah meghasilkan gula reduksi yang tinggi, sehingga jika ditambahkan pre-treatment pengadukan disertai sonikasi dapat beresiko terjadi degradasi lanjut. Gula reduksi yang dihasilkan setelah proses hidrotermal semakin meningkat (dari 0.072 menjadi 0.193 mg/mL) dengan semakin tingginya tekanan operasi (200 bar) dan waktu proses hidrotermal (120 menit). ======================================================================================================= Cassava having
a high amount of carbohydrate that is (60% starch and 15% cellulose (dry weight basis)). The carbohydrate in cassava bagasse could be hydrolyzed to glucoseand oligosaccharides by using several methods, such s sonication and hydrothermal. These methods could hydrolyze cassava efficiently to reduce reaction time and improve yield of reducing sugar. The purposes of this research are to study the effect of reaction time and temperature of sonication process, the effect of reaction time, pressure and temperature of hydrothermal process to yield of product, and also to investigate the effect of sonication pretreatment continued by hydrothermal process to yield of product. This research is done as follows 1/20 (w/v) cassava suspension in aquadest is repared, then this suspension is treated by sonication, hydrothermal and combinationmethod. Combination method is also used for comparasion purpose, by using sonication pretreatment continued by hydrothermal process. The degradation product containing solid and filtrate is eparated. The solid is analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), and Anthrone Method (for iv starch and cellulose). DNS for educing sugar) are method for analyzing the liquid product
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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