1,720,959 research outputs found
Hic sunt dracones?:Mapping the legal framework of China’s innovation policy: Standardization and IPRs
No full textChina’s economy has been growing at a rapid rate over the past 30 years. Initially, economic development was pursued through leveraging the supply of cheap labour for export purposes. After China joined the World Trade Organization, the Chinese government realized the importance of cultivating innovation capabilities. As such, Chinese policymakers formulated what is known as an “indigenous innovation” policy, emphasizing the importance of Chinese-owned technology, standards, and intellectual property rights (IPRs). Academic scholars have studied China’s innovation policy from different disciplinary angles, in particular from the perspective of its political economy. Important contributions have analyzed the connections between China’s standardization regime and its IPR regime – especially in the area of information and communications technology. Although these contributions provide a valuable account of the dynamics within the regime(s), this phenomenon has not been analyzed from a legal perspective. This article aims to fill this gap by tracking the evolution of the legal framework of China’s innovation policy since the 1950s, including recent developments. More specifically, it seeks to determine how China’s innovation policy has resulted in the development and adoption of laws, rules, and regulations regarding standardization and IPRs with the aim of realizing China’s innovative potential and economic prosperity.</p
Assessing access to medicines in preferential trade agreements: From the trans-pacific partnership to the comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans-pacific partnership
No full textTheComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP or TPP11)is a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. CPTPP negotiations started after the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement reached a stalemate due to the withdrawal of the United States on 23 January 2017. This paper's aim is to provide an appraisal of some sensitive provisions of the CPTPP, and their impact on access to affordable medicines. As access to medicines is mainly related to the protection of intellectual property rights and in particular patents, a first part of the paper will focus on the international regulatory framework for patents, considering the main international conventions, the TRIPS Agreement and its relation with preferential trade agreements. The narration will then focus on the provision of the CPTPP relating to patents and pharmaceuticals, and those relating to investment. The discussion will revolve around whether said provisions significantly depart from the framework set by TRIPS, for instance, including TRIPS-plus provisions, notably criticised for their adverse repercussions on the fundamental right to health. As regards the provisions in the investment chapter, the analysis will focus on whether the wording of said chapter is equipped to strike a balance between protection of foreign investors and health regulation. A conclusion will follow, summarising the main findings of the paper
Access to Medicines in Developing Countries and Free Trade Agreements: The Case of the US-DR-CAFTA with Focus on Costa Rica
No full text104-112The scope of this paper is to provide an
analysis of the impact of the IP provisions of a free trade agreement, the
US-DR-CAFTA, in the context of access to medicines in developing countries. The
paper appraises whether the said provisions depart from the framework set by
TRIPS, to which extent they create a more stringent framework by the inclusion
of TRIPS plus provisions, heavily criticised because of their repercussions on
the fundamental right to health. There is also an assessment of whether these
provisions have determined a change of the related IP law provisions in the CAFTA
Member State, Costa Rica, and whether access to affordable or indispensable
medicines has been affected or not. In conclusion, some improvements are
recommended along with an overall assessment of the IP provision of the country,
as a result of CAFTA implementation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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