1,720,954 research outputs found
Score-Tool : target audibility testing in orchestration
No full textThis is an applied artistic doctoral project, which is divided into three parts: an orchestral composition, a computer application and its source code, and a written report. In this project, I present an orchestration issue that I have encountered in rehearsals of my compositions. The issue is the inaudibility of an instrument or an instrumental group that I thought to be audible when I was writing the score. This inaudibility can occur even though the orchestration follows the best practices recommended in academic handbooks. The artistic part of the project is an opera All the Truths We Cannot See, which I composed while acquiring new knowledge about orchestration as described in this report.
The developmental part of the project is the Score-Tool computer application, Score-Tool App, which I designed and coded myself. The application is intended for composers to enable them to analyze a score during the composing stage in terms of the audibility of a desired instrumental sound. The audibility is calculated based on real instrument audio analysis and measurements of sound intensity levels in a performance situation. In addition to my own research, the App utilizes various psychoacoustic algorithms, borrowed from lossy audio coding- and speech recognition applications and virtual fundamental research to determine the masking threshold of the orchestration. I have also adjusted the existing algorithms for this project’s purposes. Any sound that has spectral peaks above the masking threshold within at least one critical band should thus be at least partly audible. The inaudibility of a sound can also be caused by its auditory blending into the orchestration. The blending of a sound can happen, for example, when its timbre matches the orchestration or when the spectral centroid of the sound is low in frequency space. The application estimates the blending of the sound by calculating its spectral centroid and by comparing the timbre similarity with orchestration by utilizing the MFCC algorithm, which is borrowed from speech recognition applications. As a result, the App calculates the audibility prediction in percentage values. The audibility prediction is my own term, calculated with the algorithm I developed. This value comes from a combination of masking and blending algorithms whose importance is weighted based on my experiences and my own measurements in orchestral rehearsals. The usability of the Score-Tool App has been tested by me and by other composers by analyzing both existing and in-progress compositions using the App.
The report is divided into three parts. In Part I discuss aspects affecting the sound audibility in orchestration, what is taught about the subject in music universities, my personal experience in this area, the effect of the hall and the performer’s position on stage, and how the issue is addressed in music psychology research.
In Part II I describe the development of the Score-Tool App, how the algorithms work “under the hood,” and the features I implemented in the program. Part II also includes my own research in visualizing orchestration masking and timbre data as well as a tutorial for the App. The App manual can be found in the tool itself. The Score-Tool App is also addressed at the end of the report, where I discuss the possibilities for future research in this field using the Score-Tool App and other orchestration features that could be implemented into it.
In Part III of this report, I describe the testing phase and how using this App has changed the way I write for the orchestra while composing the opera All the Truths We Cannot See. In addition, I present cases where this App has helped my colleagues in their orchestrations. I also discuss how the analysis results of the Score-Tool App correlate with live performance and how the audibility prediction algorithm of the Score-Tool App has been adjusted based on my experience and measurements I made in this testing phase. In other words, I test the validity of the results that the Score-Tool App currently gives a composer.
The conclusion is that the Score-Tool App provides relevant information about possible audibility issues in a composition. Using the App does not solve the issues immediately, but it does give reliable specifics about which instruments are causing the issues. This information helps composers during the artistic process to pre-evaluate the functionality of their orchestration. The App guides the composer in a field that, owing to its complexity, has very few definite answers.fi=ei tietoa saavutettavuudesta|sv=okänd tillgänglighet|en=unknown accessibility
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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