107,700 research outputs found
The loss of *g before *m in Proto-Slavic
No full textThis paper proposes a new sound rule for Proto-Slavic, according to which *g (from PIE *g, *gw, *gh, and *gwh) was lost before *m. This development was posterior to Winter’s law and the merger of voiced and aspirated stop in Slavic. The operation of the rule is illustrated by new etymologies of four Slavic words: *ama, *jama ‘hole, pit’, *těmę ‘sinciput’, *mąžь ‘husband, man’, and *remy ‘leather belt’
Toward Proto-Nostratic A New Approach to the Comparison of Proto-Indo-European and Proto Afroasiatic
No full textTOWARD PROTO-NOSTRATIC -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Table of contents -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. PREFATORY REMARKS -- 1.2. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES -- 1.3. THE AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES -- 2. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANT SYSTEM -- 2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 2.2. THE LARYNGEALS -- 2.3. THE VOICELESS ASPIRATES -- 2.4. THE GUTTURAL S -- 2.5. THE EJECTIVES -- 2.6. THE TRADITIONAL VOICED ASPIRATES -- 2.7. THE RESONANTS -- 2.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 3. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN VOWEL SYSTEM -- 3.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 3.2. VOWEL GRADATION -- 3.3. CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL RECONSTRUCTION -- 3.4. EARLIEST PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN VOWEL SYSTEM -- 3.5. THE LONG VOWELS -- 3.6. THE VOWELS */i/ AND */ u/ -- 3.7. ANATOLIAN -- 3.8. THE PH0NEMICIZATI0N OF */e/ AND */o/ -- 3.9. THE DIPHTHONGS -- 3.10. NON-APOPHONIC */e/ AND */o/ -- 3.11. DISINTEGRATING INDO-EUROPEAN */a/ -- 4. ACCENTUATION IN THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES -- 4.1. OLD INDIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.2. GREEK ACCENTUATION -- 4.3. GERMANIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.4. SLAVIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.5. CELTIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.6. ITALIC ACCENTUATIO N -- 4.7. ARMENIAN ACCENTUATION -- 4.8. SUMMARY/PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PIE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM IN THE NON-ANATOLIAN DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 5.1. DISINTEGRATING INDO-EUROPEAN -- 5.2. INDO-IRANIAN -- 5.3. SLAVIC -- 5.4. BALTIC -- 5.5. ARMENIAN -- 5.6. GERMANIC -- 5.7. CELTIC -- 5.8. ITALIC -- 5.9. GREEK -- 5.10. TOCHARIAN -- 5.11. ALBANIAN -- 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PIE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM IN THE ANATOLIAN DAUGHTER LANG UAGES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. PROTO-ANATOLIAN -- 6.3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTO-ANATOLIAN PHONOLOGICAL SY STEM -- 6.4. EXAMPLES OF THE VOWELS -- 6.5. NOTES ON THE VOWELS -- 6.6. EXAMPLES OF THE GLIDES -- 6.7. EXAMPLES OF THE RESONANTS6.8. NOTES ON THE RESONANTS -- 6.9. EXAMPLES OF THE CONSONANTS -- 6.10. NOTES ON THE CONSONANTS -- 6.11. THE LARYNGEALS -- 6.12. EXAMPLES OF THE LARYNGEALS -- 6.13. THE LARYNGEALS /?, h/ -- 6.14. EXAMPLES OF /?, h/ -- 7. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-AFROASIATIC CONSONANT SYSTEM -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. THE EMPHATICS -- 7.3. THE LABIALS -- 7.4. EXAMPLES OF THE LABIALS -- 7.5. THE DENTALS -- 7.6. EXAMPLES OF THE DENTALS -- 7.7. THE DENTAL AFFRICATES -- 7.8. EXAMPLES OF THE DENTAL AFFRICATES -- 7.9. THE PALATALIZED ALVEOLARS -- 7.10. EXAMPLES OF THE PALATALIZED ALVEOLARS -- 7.11. THE SIBILANTS -- 7.12. EXAMPLES OF THE SIBILANTS -- 7.13. THE LATERALIZED AFFRICATES -- 7.14. EXAMPLES OF THE LATERALIZED AFFRICATES -- 7.15. THE GUTTURALS -- 7.16. EXAMPLES OF THE GUTTURALS -- 7.17. GLIDES AND LIQUIDS -- 7.18. EXAMPLES OF THE GLIDES -- 7.19. EXAMPLES OF THE LIQUIDS -- 7.20. GLOTTAL STOP AND GLOTTAL AND PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVES -- 7.21. EXAMPLES OF THE GLOTTAL STOP AND GLOTTAL AND PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVES -- 7.22. THE AFROASIATIC DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 8. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-AFROASIATIC VOWEL SYSTEM -- 8.1. THE DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 8.2. THE SEMITIC DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 8.3. PROTO-AFROA SIATIC -- 9. COMPARISON OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN AND PROTO-AFROASIATIC -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. PROTO-AFROASIATIC AND PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- 9.3. PR0T0-AFR0ASIATIC/PR0T0-IND0-EUR0PEAN CORRESPONDENCES -- 9.4. THE LABIALS -- 9.5. THE DENTALS, VELARS, GLIDES, NASALS, AND LIQUIDS -- 9.6. THE DENTAL AFFRICATES -- 9.7. THE LATERALIZED AFFRICATES -- 9.8. THE POSTVELARS -- 9.9. THE SIBILANTS -- 9.10. THE PALATALIZED AND LABIALIZED CONSONANTS -- 9.11. THE LARYNGEALS -- 9.12. THE PR0T0-N0STRATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM -- 9.13. PREFACE TO THE EXAMPLES -- 9.14. PAA *p = PIE *p: -- 9.15. PAA *b = PIE *b: -- 9.16. PAA *ƒ = PIE *p: -- 9.17. PAA *t = PIE *t:9.18. PAA *d = PIE *d: -- 9.19. PAA *t' = PIE *t': -- 9.20. PAA * = PIE *t: -- 9.21. PAA * = PIE *d: -- 9.22. PAA * ' = PIE *t': -- 9.23. PAA *ty = PIE *t: -- 9.24. PAA *dy = PIE *d: -- 9.25. PAA *t'Y = PIE *t': -- 9.26. PAA *s = PIE *s: -- 9.27. PAA *š = PIE *s: -- 9.28. PAA * = PIE *k: -- 9.29. PAA * ' = PIE *k': -- 9.30. PAA *ky = PIE *k: -- 9.31. PAA *gy = PIE *g: -- 9.32. PAA *k'y = PIE *k': -- 9.33. PAA *k = PIE *k: -- 9.34. PAA *g = PIE *g: -- 9.35. PAA *k' = PIE *k': -- 9.36. PAA *kw = PIE *kw: -- 9.37. PAA *gw = PIE *gw: -- 9.38. PAA *k'w = PIE *k'w: -- 9.39. PAA *? = PIE *?: -- 9.40. PAA *h = PIE *h: -- 9.41. PAA= PIE -- 9.42. PAA= PIE -- 9.43. PAA *h = PIE *x: -- 9.44. PAA = PIE -- 9.45. PAA *w = PIE *w: -- 9.46. PAA *y = PIE *y: -- 9.47. PAA *m = PIE *m: -- 9.48. PAA *n = PIE *n: -- 9.49. PAA *l = PIE *l: -- 9.50. PAA *r = PIE *r: -- 10. PROBLEMS OF ROOT STRUCTURE -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. ROOT STRUCTURE IN PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.3. ROOT STRUCTURE IN PROTO-AFROASIATIC -- POSTSCRIPT -- REFERENCES -- INDEX VERBORUMDescription based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Variable finals in proto-Sino-Tibetan
No full textThis paper concentrates on variable finals, and argues that just as we find a certain amount of both rule-governed and non-rule governed variation in modern languages, in reconstructing Proto-Sino-Tibetan we should recognize the possibility of these types of variation
NEW APPROACHES FOR VERY SHORT-TERM STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF AN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH WIND FARMS
No full textDistribution networks are undergoing radical changes due to the high level of penetration of dispersed generation. Dispersed generation systems require particular attention due to their incorporation of uncertain energy sources, such as wind farms, and due to the impacts that such sources have on the planning and operation of distribution networks. In particular, the foreseeable, extensive use of wind turbine generator units in the future requires that distribution system engineers properly account for their impacts on the system. Many new technical considerations must be addressed, including protection coordination, steady-state analysis, and power quality issues. This paper deals with the very short-term, steady-state analysis of a distribution system with wind farms, for which the time horizon of interest ranges from one hour to a few hours ahead. Several wind-forecasting methods are presented in order to obtain reliable input data for the steady-state analysis. Both deterministic and probabilistic methods were considered and used in performing deterministic and probabilistic load-flow analyses. Numerical applications on a 17-bus, medium-voltage, electrical distribution system with various wind farms connected at different busbars are presented and discusse
Applying the proto-theory of design to explain and modify the parameter analysis method of conceptual design
No full textThis article reports on the outcomes of applying the notions provided by the reconstructed proto-theory of design, based on Aristotle’s remarks, to the parameter analysis (PA) method of conceptual design. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What further clarification and explanation to the approach of PA is provided by the proto-theory? (2) Which conclusions can be drawn from the study of an empirically derived
design approach through the proto-theory regarding usefulness, validity and range of that theory? An overview of PA and an application example illustrate its present model and unique characteristics. Then, seven features of the proto-theory are explained and demonstrated through geometrical problem solving and analogies are drawn between these features and the corresponding ideas in modern design thinking.
Historical and current uses of the terms analysis and synthesis in design are also outlined and contrasted, showing that caution should be exercised when applying them. Consequences regarding the design moves, process and strategy of PA allow proposing modifications to its model, while demonstrating how the ancient method of analysis can contribute to better understanding of contemporary design-theoretic issues
Tetraphenylethene Derivatives Modulate the RNA Hairpin-G-quadruplex Conformational Equilibria in Proto-Oncogenes
No full textRNA G-quadruplexes (GQs) sequence in 5\u27 UTRs of certain proto-oncogenes colocalize with hairpin (Hp) forming sequence resulting in intramolecular Hp-GQ conformational equilibria which is suggested to regulate cancer development and progression. Thus, regulation of Hp-GQ equilibria with small molecules is an attractive but less explored therapeutic approach. Herein, two tetraphenylethenes (TPE) derivatives TPE-Py and TPE-MePy were synthesized and their effect on Hp-GQ equilibrium was explored. The FRET, CD and molecular docking experiments suggested that cationic TPE-MePy shifts the Hp-GQ equilibrium significantly towards the GQ conformer mainly through - stacking and van der waals interaction. In presence of TPE-MePy the observed rate constant values for first and second folding step was increased up to 14.6 and 2.6-fold respectively. The FRET melting assay showed a strong stabilizing ability of TPE-MePy (Tm = 4.36 C). Notably, the unmethylated derivative TPE-Py did not alter the Hp-GQ equilibrium. Subsequently, the luciferase assay demonstrated that the TPE-MePy derivatives suppressed the translation efficiency by 5.7-fold by shifting the Hp-GQ equilibrium toward GQ conformers in 5’ UTR of TRF2. Our data suggest that HpGQ equilibria could be selectively targeted with small molecules to modulate translation for therapy
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