1,721,007 research outputs found
Synthesis of new type of semiconductors nanocrystals for third generation photovoltaics
No full textPour que l'énergie photovoltaïque devienne compétitive, les coûts de production doivent être baissés et l'efficacité des cellules augmentée. Les cellules solaires à base de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs constituent une approche prometteuse pour remplir ces objectifs combinant une mise en œuvre par voie liquide avec la possibilité d'ajuster précisément la largeur de bande interdite et les niveaux électroniques. Aujourd'hui, les rendements de conversion des cellules constituées de nanocristaux de sulfure de plomb approchent les 7%. Seulement, à cause des normes européennes destinées à l'affranchissement du plomb du fait de ses risques pour la santé et l'environnement, de nouveaux matériaux doivent être trouvés. Cette thèse concerne la synthèse de nouveaux types de nanocristaux semi-conducteurs et leur application dans des cellules solaires. La synthèse des nanocristaux de CuInSe2 et de SnS de taille et de forme contrôlées a été effectuée, notamment par des voies de synthèses reproductibles dont le passage à grande échelle est facilement possible. Une analyse approfondie de la structure des nanocristaux de SnS par spectroscopie Mössbauer a montré que ces nanocristaux avaient une forte tendance à s'oxyder, ce qui limite leur utilisation dans des dispositifs électroniques après exposition à l'air. La constitution de couches minces continues ayant de bonnes propriétés électriques a été effectuée par le dépôt contrôlé de nanocristaux ainsi que l'échange de leurs ligands de surface. En particulier, un nouveau type de ligand inorganique a été utilisé qui a montré une augmentation de la conductivité des films multiplié par quatre ordres de grandeurs par rapport aux ligands initiaux. Enfin, la préparation de cellules solaires basées sur ces couches minces de nanocristaux a montré des résultats encourageants et notamment un clair effet photovoltaïque lorsque le dépôt est effectué sous atmosphère inerte.In order to be cost-effective, photovoltaic energy conversion needs to improve the solar cell efficiencies while decreasing the production costs. Nanocrystal based solar cells could fulfil these requirements through solution-processing, band gap and energy level engineering. PbS nanocrystal thin films already proved their potential for use as solar cell active materials with power conversion efficiencies approaching 7%. However, since lead based compounds are not compatible with European regulations and present high risks for health and environment, semiconductor nanocrystals of alternative materials have to be developed. This thesis focuses on novel types of semiconductor nanocrystals and their application in photovoltaics. The first part of the study deals with the synthesis of size- and shape-controlled CuInSe2 and SnS nanocrystals. An in-depth investigation of the structure of SnS nanocrystals using Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed their high oxidation sensitivity, which limits their usability in optoelectronic devices after air exposure. The second part deals with the thin film preparation and the surface ligand exchange of the obtained nanocrystals. Using a fully inorganic nanocrystal-surface ligand system, the deposited films exhibited a current density improved by four orders of magnitude as compared to the initial ligands. Finally, solar cell devices based on nanocrystal thin films were fabricated, which showed encouraging results with a clear photovoltaic effect when processed under inert atmosphere
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
New donor-acceptor alternating copolymers : preparation, physical- chemical characterization and application to photovoltaic cells.
No full textCe travail de thèse concerne l'élaboration de nouveaux copolymères à faible bande interdite de type « push-pull », constitués par une unité donneuse d'électrons (push) et une unité acceptrice d'électrons (pull) en modulant les relations structures-propriétés par stratégie de synthèse. Des copolymères constitués par des unités acceptrices d'électrons (dérivées du benzothiadiazole ou du thienopyrrolodione) et donneuses d'électrons (3,6-carbazole, 2,7-carbazole, dialkoxybezodithiophène) ont été obtenus par différentes méthodes de couplage carbone carbone (C-C). Des études physico-chimiques par des techniques de spectroscopie (UV-visible), d'électrochimie (voltampérométrie cyclique), de diffraction de rayon X et d'analyses thermogravimétriques ont été utilisées pour élucider les propriétés fondamentales des copolymères pour des applications dans le domaine du photovoltaïque organique. Des études de RPE sous éclairement couplées avec de la simulation théorique ont permis l'étude des différents transferts électroniques dans les copolymères push-pull en mélange avec deux types de matériaux accepteurs d'électrons (le PCBM et les nanocristaux de CuInS2). Des calculs de DFT ont mis en évidence une bonne corrélation avec les résultats expérimentaux. Des tests préliminaires en hétérojonctions volumiques sur les (co)polymères ont étés réalisés mettant en évidence les facteurs clés limitant les performances des dispositifs de photovoltaïques organiques.In this work, the attention was focused on the synthesis of new low-band gap polymers and on the adopted chemical strategy aims on developing the so called push-pull copolymers: formed by a donor (push) and an acceptor (pull) electron unit in the polymer backbone. It was demonstrated that exploited building block approach can lead to copolymers with tunable physical properties. By selecting acceptor (benzothiadiazole or thienopyrrolodione derivatives) and donor (3,6-carbazole, 2,7-carbazole, dialkoxybenzodithiophene) units of different DA strength, it is possible to prepare copolymers through several C-C coupling methods. Detailed physico-chemical studies using complementary spectroscopic, electrochemical, diffraction and thermal techniques enabled the determination of synthesized push-pull copolymers properties, which are crucial for their photovoltaic application. Detailed studies on EPR under illumination and EPR tracing allowed the characterization of various electronic transfers in the presented and particularly designed push-pull copolymers, blended with two types of electron acceptor materials: PCBM and CuInS2 nanocrystals. DFT calculations supported the experimental results. Preliminary tests on synthesized copolymers were carried out taking into account all limiting factors concerning the device fabrication
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Materiály kombinující vodivé polymery a drahé kovy
Full text linkPolyaniline-silver composites combine the electrical properties of metals and the material properties of polymers. Polyaniline is one of the most studied conducting polymers on account of high electrical conductivity (units S cm-1 ), environmental stability, ease of preparation from common chemicals, good processibility and low cost. Silver is well known because of its highest conductivity among metals (500 000 S cm−1 ), antibacterial properties, and low price compared to other noble metals. Aniline was oxidized with silver nitrate in acidic aqueous medium to polyaniline-silver composite. The presence of different organic acids was studied. The most promising became methanesulfonic acid solution, in which most problems (such as inhomogeneity of samples and limited solubility of silver salts) got solved. The oxidation of aniline with silver nitrate is slow and takes over several months to get a reasonable yield. An addition of a small amount of p-phenylenediamine, even 1 mol. % relative to aniline, shortens the reaction time to several hours or even to tens of minutes. Small amounts of ammonium peroxydisulfate had similar effect. The content of silver in composites is fixed by the stoichiometry of reaction, and composites always contain ≈70 wt.% of silver. By using mixed oxidants, silver nitrate and...Kompozity polyanilinu se stříbrem kombinují elektrické vlastnosti kovů a materiálové vlastnosti polymerů. Polyanilin je jedním z nejvíce studovaných vodivých polymerů díky vysoké elektrické vodivosti (jednotky S cm−1 ), stabilitě, jednoduchosti přípravy z běžných chemikálií, dobré zpracovatelnosti a nízkým nákladům syntézy. Stříbro je dobře známo pro svou vodivost, nejvyšší mezi kovy (500 000 S cm−1 ), antibakteriální vlastnosti a nízkou cenu, ve srovnání s jinými drahýmy kovy. Anilin byl oxidován dusičnanem stříbrným ve vodném kyselém prostředí za vzniku kompozitu polyanilin-stříbro. Byl studován vliv různých organických kyselin a jejich koncentrace. Nejslibnější se ukázala kyselina methansulfonová, pro níž se podařilo vyřešit četné problémy, jako jsou nehomogenita vzorků a omezená rozpustnost stříbrných solí. Oxidace anilinu dusičnanem stříbrným je pomalá a trvá i několik měsíců, nežli se získá přiměřený výtěžek. Přidání malého množství p-fenylendiaminu, i jen 1 mol.% relativně vzhledem k anilinu, zkracuje reakční dobu na několik hodin nebo dokonce i desítky minut. Malé množství peroxodvojsíranu amonného má podobný účinek. Obsah stříbra v kompozitu je dán stechiometrií reakce, a kompozity vždy obsahují ≈70 hm.% stříbra. Použitím smíšených oxidantů, dusičnanu stříbrného a peroxodvojsíranu...Department of Physical and Macromolecular ChemistryKatedra fyzikální a makromol. chemieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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