198 research outputs found
Petrology and Geochemical Comparation of Pumice and Scoria Rocks of Slamet Volcano, Central Java
Full text linkSlamet Volcano is one of Indonesia Quaternary Stratovolcanoes in Central Java Province. Slamet volcano is divided into two parts, Old Slamet in the western part and Young Slamet. The author examined a comparation data of pyroclastic rock of Slamet Volcano, the pyroclastic rocks are pumice from Old Slamet, the scoria fall, and scoria cones are from Young Slamet. They have different geochemical and petrology features, pumice rock has higher SiO2 from 60 to 64 wt.%, scoria fall has SiO2 49.81 to 50.56 wt. %, and scoria cone has SiO2 49.26 wt. %. Petrographic observation showed that pumice is vesicular and contains of phenocryst pyroxene, plagioclase and biotite, scoria fall, and scoria cones have similar petrographic characteristic they have phenocryst of plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxene with hyalopilitic texture. The contrast of major element combined with petrographic features suggest that pyroclastic rock in Slamet Volcano formed by different magma and the magma has differentiation process of Slamet magma is generally caused by magma mixing.</jats:p
Pengaruh Komposisi Lembaran Anoda LTO (Li4Ti5O12) Terhadap Performa Sel Baterai Ion Lithium
No full textResearch has conducted on the effect of the variation composition of powder LTO
in manufacturing of the laminate anode. Variations composition of powder LTO:
PVDF: Super P is 77: 15: 8, 85: 10: 5 and 90: 7: 3 %wt. Manufacture of laminate
by mixing the powder material PVDF with solvents N,N-DMAC and then added
to the powder Super P and LTO to form a slurry. Then slurry is coating on Cu foil
and dried in oven to form a laminate. Laminate which has been so finished to
analyzed morforlogi /elemental of composition and functional groups with
SEM/EDX and FTIR. While the battery performance include CV and CD
performed with the Automatic battery cycler. The results of SEM analysis
indicated that the mixing of ingredients in the composition of 77: 15: 8 is
homogeneous because balanced of composition from each material that is spread
evenly on the entire surface (no one dominates) and the results of EDX analysis
showed the percentage of each element in samples. FTIR testing not showed that
chemical reaction between LTO with PVDF seen from the absence of Li-F group
at wavenumber 1191 cm-1
. Best cell electrochemical properties on the
composition of 77: 15: 8 %wt as seen from the curve CV is the establishment of a
redox couple and from graph charge /discharge obtained capacity of LTO is 160
mAH/g.86 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Sintesis Lithium Mangan Oksida (LiMn2O4) untuk Katoda Baterai Lithium Ion
No full textLiMn2O4 as cathode material for Li ion battery has been synthesized via solid state reaction method. In this research, the synthesis has been done by varying of lithium source. Raw materials such as LiOH.H2O, MnO2 and Li2CO3 were mixed to become precursors of LiMn2O4. The precursors were sintered with high temperature furnace at 8000C for 4 hours in air atmosphere become final product. The final products were grinded and sieved to become finer particle. The products were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify phases and crystal structure. Those also measured wavenumber with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) to find functional group. LiMn2O4 sheets were prepared by mixing active material with PVDF and AB in ratio 85%: 10%: 5% wt in N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solvents to form slurry. Then slurry was coated on Al foil to form a sheet. Automatic battery cycler was used to measure electrochemical performance and specific capacity of the cell. XRD analysis showed that sample synthesized with Li2CO3 has higher crystalinity and more pristine than sample synthesized with LiOH.H2O. FTIR analysis revealed that both of samples have identically functional group but sample with Li2CO3 source tend to degradable. Cyclic voltammetry data gave information that sample with LiOH.H2O source has better electrochemical performance. It showed double oxidation/reduction peaks more clearly than sample with Li2CO3. but, sample with Li2CO3 source has higher specific capacity (64,78 mAh/g) than sample with LiOH.H2O (51,59 mAh/g).Telah disintesis material katoda LiMn2O4 untuk baterai Li-ion dengan metode solid state reaction. Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis dilakukan dengan variasi sumber lithium. Bahan baku yang digunakan berupa LiOH.H2O, MnO2 dan Li2CO3 yang dicampurkan menjadi prekursor LiMn2O4. Prekursor ini di sintering pada temperatur 8000C selama 4 jam dalam atmosfer udara menjadi serbuk. Serbuk tersebut ditumbuk dan diayak menjadi partikel yang lebih halus. Serbuk dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) untuk mengidentifikasi fasa dan struktur Kristal. Serbuk tersebut juga diukur wavenumbernya dengan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi. Lembaran LiMn2O4 dibuat dengan mencampurkan material aktif dengan PVDF dan AB dengan perbandingan 85%: 10%: 5% dengan menggunakan pelarut N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) menjadi slurry. Kemudian slurry dilapiskan pada Al foil menjadi sebuah lembaran. Automatic battery cycler digunakan untuk mengukur performa elektrokimia dan kapasitas spesifik sel baterai. Analisa XRD menunjukkan sampel yang disintesis dengan Li2CO3 memiliki tingkat kristalinitas dan kemurnian yang lebih tinggi daripada sampel yang disintesis dengan LiOH.H2O. Analisa FTIR menunjukkan bahwa kedua sampel memiliki gugus fungsi yang sama tetapi sampel dengan sumber Li2CO3 cenderung untuk mengalami degradasi. Data Cyclic Voltammetry menunjukkan sampel dengan LiOH.H2O memiliki performa elektrokimia yang lebih baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya dua pasang puncak oksidasi/reduksi lebih tajam dari pada sampel dengan Li2CO3, tetapi sampel dengan Li2CO3 memiliki kapasitas spesifik yang lebih tinggi (64,78 mAh/g) dari pada sampel dengan LiOH.H2O (51,59 mAh/g).68 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pengaruh Solid Contain pada Kinerja Elektrokimia Katoda LiFePO4 Baterai Ion Lithium
No full textResearch has been carried out on the manufacture of half battery cells with solid contain variations. The material of cathode was using a powder of LiFePO4 : Super P : PVDF with composition 80% : 10% : 10% and DMAC. Manufacture of slurry was done by varying the solid contain (25%, 30%, 40%) to determine the effect of solid contain on the electrochemical performance of battery cells. Manufacture of the cathode sheet was made by doctor blade coating method. The powder of LiFePO4 was analyzed by XRD and testing of CV, CD, EIS. XRD analysis results show that there is a single phase formed, i.e LiFePO4. CV results show that samples B (30%) and C (40%) have sharp oxidation and reduction peaks while sample A (25%) has wide peaks. Furthermore, the results of the CD charge/discharge capacity are increasing along with the increase in solid contain, the highest charge/discharge capacity is sample C (40%), i.e 85,23 mAh/g and 85,01 mAh/g. EIS results show that the higher the solid contain the conductivity of the sample become greater, the highest conductivity is sample C (40%), i.e 3,4596 S/cm.Telah dilakukan penelitian pembuatan sel setengah baterai dengan variasi solid contain. Material katoda merupakan campuran dari LiFePO4 : Super P : PVDF dengan komposisi 80% : 10% : 10% dan pelarut DMAC. Pembuatan slurry dilakukan dengan memvariasi solid contain, yaitu 25%, 30%, dan 40% untuk mengetahui pengaruh solid contain terhadap kinerja elektrokimia sel baterai. Pembuatan lembaran katoda dilakukan dengan metode coating doctor blade. Pengujian karakteristik serbuk LiFePO4 dengan XRD dan pengujian CD, CV, EIS. Hasil analisa XRD menunjukkan ada fasa tunggal yang terbentuk, yaitu LiFePO4. Hasil CV menunjukkan bahwa sampel B (30%), dan C (40%) memiliki puncak oksidasi dan reduksi yang tajam sedangkan sampel A (25%) memiliki puncak yang melebar. Selanjutnya, hasil CD kapasitas charge/discharge semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya solid contain, kapasitas charge/discharge tertinggi adalah sampel C (40%) yaitu 85,23 mAh/g dan 85,01 mAh/g. Hasil EIS menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi solid contain maka konduktivitas sampel semakin besar, konduktivitas tertinggi adalah sampel C (40%) yaitu 3,4596 S/cm.58 halamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pengaruh Solid Content pada Kinerja Elektrokimia Anoda Grafit Baterai Ion Lithium
No full textRechargeable batteries have been implemented in the most of portable electronic
devices. Lithium-ion batteries (LIB), as the main power source, dominate the portable
device market due to their high energy density, long shelf life, and environmentally
friendly operation. In a rechargeable lithium-ion battery, there are four main
components, one of which is the anode. The anode material used is commercial
graphite. Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of solvents containing solids on
battery performance. The main discussion in this research is to analyze the effect of
solvent variations of N, N Dimethyl Acetamide (DMAC) on sheet characteristics and
differences in the solid content of graphite anode sheets on battery performance.
Identification of the formed phase was carried out by XRD, reduction and oxidation
reactions by cyclic voltammetry test, battery capacity by charge/discharge test, and
studying the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode material by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test. The best physical characteristics of the
anode sheet were obtained by mixing 2.5 mL DMAC solvent at a thickness of 0.07 mm
with a solid content of 25%. The results of the charge-discharge test showed a specific
capacity of 309.33 mAh/g in the first cycle.Baterai isi ulang telah diterapkan di sebagian besar perangkat elektronik portabel.
Baterai lithium-ion (LIB), sebagai sumber daya utama, mendominasi pasar perangkat
portabel karena kepadatan energinya yang tinggi, umur simpan yang lama, dan
pengoperasian yang ramah lingkungan. Dalam baterai lithium-ion yang dapat diisi
ulang, terdapat empat komponen utama, salah satunya adalah anoda. Bahan anoda
yang digunakan adalah grafit komersial. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelarut yang mengandung padatan terhadap kinerja
baterai. Pembahasan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh variasi
pelarut N,N Dimethyl Acetamide (DMAC) terhadap karakteristik lembaran dan
perbedaan solid content lembaran anoda grafit terhadap kinerja baterai. Identifikasi
fasa yang terbentuk dilakukan dengan XRD, reaksi reduksi dan oksidasi dengan uji
voltametri siklik, kapasitas baterai dengan uji charge/discharge, dan mempelajari
karakteristik elektrokimia bahan elektroda dengan uji spektroskopi impedansi
elektrokimia. Karakteristik fisik lembaran anoda terbaik diperoleh dengan mencampur
pelarut DMAC 2,5 mL pada ketebalan 0,07 mm dengan kandungan padatan 25%.
Hasil uji charge-discharge menunjukkan kapasitas spesifik sebesar 309,33 mAh/g
pada siklus pertama.67 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Sintesis Anoda LTO dan Studi Pengaruh Pemanasan pada Proses Pembuatan Lembaran LTO dengan Binder PTFE terhadap Performa Baterai.
No full textThe synthesis of LTO and study of heating temperature effect on
manufacturing process of LTO sheet with binder PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) on
the electrochemical performance have been investigated. LTO anode material
composed with LiOH.H2O and TiO2 as raw materials was synthesized by solid state
process. All raw materials were stoichiometrically mixed and milled with planetary
ball mill for 4 h to become precursor of LTO. The procursor was characterized with
Simultaneous Thermal Analyzed (STA) to determine sintering temperature. The STA
analysis revealed that the minimum temperature to sinter the precursor was 600oC. The
precursor was sintered by using high temperature furnace at 900oC for 4 h in air
atmosphere. Final product was grinded and sieved with screen to get finer and more
homogenous particles. The final product was characterized by X-ray Diffraction
(XRD) to determined crystal structure and phases. LTO sheet was prepared by mixing
LTO powdwer with PTFE and AB in ratio 85: 10: 5 wt% by varrying heating process
with 40°C, 50°C and 70°C to become slurry. The slurry was coated on Cu foil with
doctor blade method and dried at 80 oC for 1 h. LTO sheet was characterized by FTIR
to analyze functional groups. LTO sheet was cut into circular discs with 16 mm in
diameter. LTO sheet was arrangged with separator, metalic lithium and electrolyte
become coin cell in a glove box. Automatic battery cycler was used to measure
electrochemical performance and specific capacity of the cell. From the XRD analysis
showed that single phase of LTO phase with cubic crystal structure was formed. FTIR
testing showed that there were stretching vibrations of Ti-O and H-F from tetrathedral
TiO6 and PTFE respectively. The increasing temperature on LTO sheet manufacturing
did not change the structure of LTO. Cyclic voltametry analysis showed that sample
with heating of 40oC showed better redox process than others. Charge discharge test
also showed that sample with heating of 40oC has a higher specific capacity than other
samples with 53 mAh/g.73 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pembuatan Material Anoda Lithium Titanate (Li4ti5o12 ) dan Studi Pengaruh Ketebalan Elektroda terhadap Performa Elektrokimia Baterai Ion Lithium
No full textThe synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 and the study of electrode thickness effect on the
electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries has been carried out.
Li4Ti5O12 powders were synthesized from raw materials LiOH.H2O and TiO2 via
powder metallurgy method. Electrode sheet was made by mixed Li4Ti5O12powders
with PVDF, AB and NN,DMAC solvents become sluury and coated into sheet on
the Cu foil with variations in the thickness of 50μm, 80μm, and 120 μm. The
electrode sheet was assembled into half-cell battery using a coin cell with metallic
lithium as reference electrode and LiFP6 as electrolyte. Characterization included
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to know crystal structure and phases, while
elctrochemical performances were conducted by Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscop (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Charge/Discharge (CD). XRD
test showed that there are two phases formed, namely Li4Ti5O12 with cubic
structure at 77.3% and rutile TiO2 with tetragonal crystal structure at 22.7%. EIS
test showed that the highest conductivity of anode sheet is 3.66 x 10-5 S/cm at a
thickness of 50 μm. While, CV results showed that thicker electrode sheet will
increase intercalation and de-intercalation. From CD test showed that the layer
thickness affects the value of the specific capacity, the thicker of electrode layer
will decreases the value of specific capacity. The best capacity of battery cells are
obtained in a layer thickness of 50 μm, with a charge capacity of 146.6 mAh/g and
the discharge capacity of 146.09 mAh/g.78 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pengaruh Temperatur Sintering pada Sintesis Sodium Lithium Titanate (NaLiTi3O7) terhadap Performa Sel Baterai Ion Litihium
No full textResearch on the influence of sintering temperature on the synthesis of sodium
lithium titanate (NaLiTi3O7/NaLTO) has been done and the electrochemical
performance of lithium ion battery has been investigated. NaLTO anode material
composed with LiOH.H2O, TiO2 and NaHCO3 as raw materials was synthesized by
solid state process. All raw materials were stoichiometrically mixed and milled with
planetary ball mill for 4h to reduce become precursor of NaLTO. The precursor was
characterized with Simultaneous Thermal Analyzed (STA) to determine sintering
temperature. The STA analysis revealed that the minimum sintering temperature was
800oC. The precursor was sintered by varrying temperature furnace at 900oC,1000oC
and 1100oC for 2 h in air atmosphere. Final product was grinded and sieved with
screen of 200 mesh to get finer and more homogenous particles. The final product
was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determined crystal structure and
phases and Patricle Size Analysis (PSA) to analyze the particle size. NaLTO sheet
was prepared by mixing NaLTO powders with PVDF and AB in ratio 85: 10: 5 wt %
by heating process of 70°C to become slurry. The slurry was coated on Cu foil with
doctor blade method with thickness of 0,15 μm and dried at 80 oC for 1 h. NaLTO
sheet was cut into circular discs with 14 mm in diameter. NaLTO sheet was arranged
with separator, metalic lithium and electrolyte become coin cell in a glove box.
Automatic battery cycler was used to measure electrochemical performance and
specific capacity of the cell. XRD results showed that there are two phases that were
formed i.e sodium lithium titanate (NaLiTi3O7) phase and impurity phase. PSA
analysis showed that the sintering temperature has influence to changes of particle
size significantly which sample at 1100oC has the biggest paricle size about 74,62
μm and the sample at 1100oC is uninclude in the range of particle size distribution.
Results of CV and CD showed that sample NaLTO at 1000 oC has good
electrochemical performance because having the biggest diffusion coefficient of
7,4521 x 10-6 m2/s , the Coulombic’s efficiency reach 100% and high specific
capacity of 65,83 mAh/gr.Penelitian tentang pengaruh temperatur sintering pada sintesis sodium
lithium titanate (NaLiTi3O7) terhadap performa sel baterai ion litihium telah
dilakukan. Telah dilakukan sintesis NaLiTi3O7 dengan bahan baku : LiOH.H2O, TiO2
dan NaHCO3 dengan metode solid state reaction. Bahan baku dicampur secara
stoikiometri dan dimilling selama 4 jam sehingga menjadi material NaLTO. Hasil
campuran di karakterisasi STA untuk mengetahui suhu sintering yang baik untuk
material NaLiTi3O7. Hasil analisa STA menunjukkan bahwa suhu minimum
temperatur sintering untuk material NaLiTi3O7 adalah 800oC. Material NaLiTi3O7
disintering dengan variasi suhu 900oC, 1000oC dan 1100 oC selama 2 jam dengan
laju pemanasan 10oC/menit pada atmosfer udara bebas. Serbuk hasil sintering
digiling dan diayak dengan ayakan 200 mesh untuk mendapat partikel yang lebih
halus dan homogen. Serbuk produk akhir dikarakterisasi sifat fisis dengan XRD
untuk menentukan phasa yang terbentuk dan PSA untuk menentukan ukuran partikel.
Lembaran elektroda dibuat dengan mencampurkan serbuk NaLiTi3O7 dengan PVDF,
AB serta pelarut N-N, DMAC dengan perbandingan 85:10:5 dengan proses
pemanasan 70oC hingga menjadi lumpur. Kemudian dilapiskan pada Cu foil dengan
metode doctor blade dengan ketebalan 0,15 μm dan dikeringkan pada temperatur
80oC selama 1 jam. Hasil lembaran NaLiTi3O7 di potong berbentuk lingkaran dengan
diameter 14 mm. Dari lembaran tersebut dibuat menjadi koin sel dengan
menggunakan separator, elektroda referensi metalik lithium dan elektrolit LiPF6 di
dalam glove box. Kemudian dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui performa
elektrokimia dan kapasitas dari sel baterai. Dari hasil pengujian XRD menunjukkan
terbentuknya fasa NaLiTi3O7 dan sedikit fasa pengotor. Hasil PSA menunjukkan
suhu sintering memberikan perubahan ukuran partikel yang cukup signifikan dimana
sampel dengan suhu 1100oC memiliki ukuran partikel paling besar yaitu 74,62 μm
dan tidak masuk dalam range distribusi ukuran partikel. Hasil CV dan CD
menunjukkan sampel NaLTO dengan suhu sintering 1000oC memiliki performa
elektrokimia yang lebih baik karena memiliki koefisien difusi yang paling besar yaitu
7,4521 x 10-6 m2/s dan memiliki efisiensi Coulombic yang mencapai 100% serta
memiliki kapasitas spesifik yang lebih tinggi dengan kapasitas rata-rata selama tiga
siklus yaitu 65,83 mAh/gr.Skripsi Sarjan
Sintesis Lithium Mangan Oksida (Limn2o4) Untuk Katoda Baterai Lithium Ion Dengan Metode Solution
No full textResearch on the synthesis of Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) for
Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes with Solution Method has been conducted. This
experiment was carried out using the solution method. In this study, the synthesis
was carried out by varying the calcination temperature. The raw materials used are
Lithium Acetate (C2H3O2Li), Manganese Acetate (C4H6MnO4.4H2O),
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), and Ethanol (C2H5OH) as solvents which are dissolved to
become LiMn2O4 precursors. The synthesis was carried out at calcination
temperatures 600 oC, 700 oC and 800 oC, for 4 hours then pounded with mortar until
smooth. Characterization carried out included. STA test results at 280oC-380oC
there was a mass decrease of 11.9973% due to the release of mass of steam. water
and decomposition of raw material C4H6MnO4.4H2O. XRD analysis can be seen
that the increase in peak temperature of LiMn2O4 phase intensity is getting sharper,
the peak indicates that the impurity Li2O phase decreases. SEM analysis results
show that the higher the calcination temperature, the larger the particle size formed,
because in the process calcination occurs in the process of densification
(compaction) of the particles.Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Sintesis Lithium Mangan Oksida
(LiMn2O4) Untuk Katoda Baterai Lithium Ion Dengan Metode Solution percobaan
ini dilakukan dengan metode solution. Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis dilakukan
dengan variasi suhu kalsinasi. Bahan baku yang digunakan berupa Lithium Asetat
(C2H3O2Li), Mangan Asetat (C4H6MnO4.4H2O), Asam Klorida (HCl), dan Ethanol
(C2H5OH) sebagai pelarut yang dilarutkan menjadi menjadi prekursor LiMn2O4.
Sintesis dilakukan pada suhu kalsinasi 600 oC, 700 oC dan 800 oC, selama 4 jam
kemudian ditumbuk dengan mortar sampai halus. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan
meliputi. Hasil uji STA suhu 280oC-380oC terjadi penurunan massa sebanyak
11,9973% karena adanya pelepasan massa uap air dan dekompossi bahan baku
C4H6MnO4.4H2O. Analisa XRD dapat diketahui kenaikan suhu puncak intensitas
fasa LiMn2O4 semakin bertambah tajam, puncak yang menunjukkan fasa Li2O
impuritas menurun. Hasil Analisa SEM bahwa semakin tinggi suhu kalsinasi maka
ukuran partikel yang terbentuk semakin besar, karena dalam proses kalsinasi terjadi
proses densifikasi (pemadatan) partikel.69 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi LiMnPO4 dengan Metode Solid State Reaction untuk Katoda Baterai Ion Lithium
No full textHospho-olivine material, LiMnPO4 was identified as a cathode material that promises for the next generation of Lithium-ion batteries and has been successfully synthesized by solid-state method with Li2Co3, 2MnO2, 2NH4H2PO4 as raw material. Effect of concentrations of initial precursors on calcination temperature (400 - 800 ° C) flowed with nitrogen. The purity and composition of the phase was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), electron scanning microscopy (SEM), spectroscopy, Dispersive Energy X-ray Analysis (EDS) , Raman spectrum. General investigations show that there is a correlation between the precursor concentration, calcination temperature and sintering temperature which can be exploited for the design of the next generation lithium-ion battery.Bahan hospho-olivine, LiMnPO4 diidentifikasi sebagai bahan katoda yang menjanjikan untuk generasi baterai Lithium-ion berikutnya dan telah berhasil disintesis dengan metode solid-state dengan Li2Co3, 2MnO2, 2NH4H2PO4 sebagai bahan baku. Pengaruh konsentrasi prekursor awal pada suhu kalsinasi (400 - 800 ° C) mengalir dengan nitrogen. Kemurnian dan komposisi fase diverifikasi oleh analisis difraksi sinar-X (XRD), mikroskop pemindaian elektron (SEM), spektroskopi, Energi X-ray Analisis Dispersif (EDS), spektrum Raman. Investigasi umum menunjukkan bahwa ada korelasi antara konsentrasi prekursor, suhu kalsinasi dan suhu sintering yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk desain baterai lithium-ion generasi berikutnya.66 HalamanTesis Magiste
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