1,721,012 research outputs found
Diritto d’autore e accesso all’informazione giornalistica: accanimento o lungimiranza del legislatore comunitario?
No full textL’industria giornalistica sta vivendo una transizione epocale verso il mercato digitale. I contenuti editoriali, tanto su carta quanto online, si confermano risorsa essenziale e potenzialmente molto redditizia nei mercati dell’informazione e vero e proprio pilastro per la società democratica. Se finora il ruolo giocato dal diritto d’autore nel proteggere ed incentivare la produzione di articoli giornalistici è rimasto per lo più nella penombra, l’avvento di nuove forme di utilizzo online ha acceso i riflettori proprio sulla tutela autoriale come possibile panacea ai profondi squilibri economici di cui è vittima il settore giornalistico. A fronte di interventi legislativi in questa direzione, primo fra tutti l’Articolo 15 della Direttiva UE sul Diritto D’Autore nel Mercato Unico Digitale del 2019, l’articolo si propone di contestualizzare e valutare in maniera critica l’efficacia di tale scelta riformatrice, ripercorrendo e sistematizzando la normativa comunitaria ed italiana sul diritto d’autore in ambito giornalistico, studiandone aspetti salienti e funzioni perseguite ed offrendo supporto all’interpretazione giuridica in vista dell’imminente implementazione nazionale della recente Direttiva. / The press industry is undergoing a remarkable transition towards the digital dimension. In this shift, newspapers, periodicals, and, ever more, digital press content confirm themselves as an essential resource, a potentially highly profitable asset, and a beacon of democracy in our information society. The role played by copyright law in the press sector has remained to date mostly unchallenged, pivoting on the need to incentivize the production of press articles and protect investments. However, the expansion of online uses of such content has shed light on copyright’s potential to intervene and solve the profound economic imbalances the sector is facing. Article 15 of the most recent Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM) is a glaring example of the consolidation of this direction. In this light, the article purports to contextualize and critically assess the adequacy and effectiveness of the normative evolution of copyright law vis-à-vis press content at both EU and national level. It does so by retracing and systematizing the EU and Italian relevant legislation, highlighting focal points in the modern discourse on copyright’s role and functions, and providing interpretative guidance in light of the upcoming national implementation of the new CDSM Directive
Catching sight of a glimmer of light: Fair remuneration and the emerging distributive rationale in the reform of EU copyright law
No full textAbstract
In the haze of highly polarized debates on the recently adopted EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM), its focus on the notion of fair remuneration has passed over rather quietly. Three provisions in the Directive deal specifically with the fair distribution of revenue from online platforms to producers and, in turn, from producers to authors. Taking the cue from these new rules, the article investigates the restrictive interpretation of fair remuneration as fairly distributed income among right holders. The analysis purports to unearth the underlying distributive rationale of the new Directive as well as identify traces of it throughout the evolution of EU copyright law. By this token, the controversial CDSM Directive proves a valid opportunity to shed new light on the objectives of EU copyright law and assess its modernization in light of a distributive perspective
The principle of appropriate and proportionate remuneration in the CDSM Directive: A reason for hope?
No full textThe Opinion sheds light on Article 18 of the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive recently enacted by the EU legislator. Deeming it to be important to trace the origin and evolution of the notion of fair remuneration within the EU copyright legal framework, the provision is first contextualized and subsequently analyzed in its merits. The author argues that, given its strengths and weaknesses, the principle of appropriate and proportionate remuneration is likely to result in a successful consolidation of the protection of authors and performers, national implementations permitting. In this light, Article 18 promises to represent an effective and function-based development in the modernization of EU copyright rules
Copyright law and the promotion of scientific networks: some reflections on the rules on co-authorship in the EU
No full textIn the digital era the co-creation of content by several authors has become easier in a number of ways. Networks, the symbol of today’s information society, are reshaping and supporting our communication, education, creativity and professional development. Embracing the prospective of co-creators, this paper aims to provide a new insight into the on-going debate on the effectiveness of copyright rules in the European Union (EU). The focus lies on the scientific sector, which offers both empirical evidence of the co-production phenomenon and specific
policy goals set by the EU legislator with regard to collaborative knowledge production. The analysis shows how the EU copyright framework neither includes a comprehensive body of harmonized rules on co-authorship nor displays prospective plans to do so, while the related national regulations present highly diverging approaches. The paper highlights how the impact of this regulatory inhomogeneity is increasingly at odds with the policy objective of a collaborative and high-profile European Research Area, thus calling for a more substantial harmonization under an inclusive definition of co-author and an enhanced valorization of joint endeavours in the networked system of production of knowledge
Fundamental rights as limits to copyright protection in the EU
Full text linkO quadro jurídico da UE em matéria de direitos de autor está enraizado na ideia de
proteção dos direitos fundamentais. Embora os direitos de autor representem uma parte
do direito à propriedade intelectual consagrado no artigo 17(2) da CFREU, a sua
regulamentação tem sido historicamente influenciada pela procura de um justo equilíbrio
com outros direitos e liberdades fundamentais, tais como a liberdade de expressão e de
informação. De acordo com o TJUE, este equilíbrio é alcançado através dos seguintes
mecanismos internos: o crivo de originalidade, a dicotomia ideia-expressão, o âmbito dos
direitos exclusivos, e as exceções e limitações aos direitos de autor. Contudo, serão estes
mecanismos internos suficientes para acautelar o justo equilíbrio? Ou deverão estes ser
complementados por mecanismos externos? A presente tese centra-se no papel que os
direitos fundamentais desempenham na definição do âmbito de proteção dos direitos de
autor na UE. Tendo em consideração o circunstancialismo do caso sueco Iron Pipes, será
argumentado que os mecanismos internos suprarreferidos nem sempre são suficientes
para alcançar um justo equilíbrio entre os direitos de autor e os demais direitos
fundamentais. Neste sentido, concluir-se-á que uma limitação externa baseada em direitos
fundamentais pode ajudar a criar um justo equilíbrio nos casos em que os mecanismos
internos mencionados supra não sejam capazes de proteger adequadamente direitos
fundamentais para além dos direitos de autor. Além disso, será argumentado que permitir
uma exceção de tal teor poderia, potencialmente, mitigar a rigidez de que padece o
sistema de exceções e limitações estabelecido na Diretiva 2001/39/CE. Finalmente,
procurar-se-á conciliar uma limitação externa, baseada em direitos fundamentais, com os
acórdãos do TJUE em Funke Medien e Spiegel Online. Neste âmbito, será defendido que
permitir uma limitação de tal teor não conduzirá necessariamente a um aumento da
incerteza jurídica. Ademais, argumentaremos que o TJUE não excluiu necessariamente
todas as formas de limitações externas, baseadas em direitos fundamentais. Será proposto
que, nos casos em que não estejam suficientemente assegurados ao abrigo das leis
nacionais, os direitos fundamentais devem ser autorizados a constituir limitações externas
à proteção dos direitos de autor dentro do âmbito das exceções previstas na legislação da
UE.The EU copyright legal framework is rooted in the idea of protection of fundamental
rights. While copyright represents a part of the right to intellectual property enshrined in
Article 17(2) of the CFREU, its regulation has been historically influenced by the search
for a fair balance with other fundamental rights and freedoms, such as freedom of
expression and information. According to the CJEU, this delicate balance is achieved
through copyright’s internal balancing mechanisms: the originality threshold and ideaexpression dichotomy, the scope of exclusive rights, and copyright exceptions and
limitations. However, is fair balance sufficiently incorporated in these internal balancing
mechanisms? Or, should they be complemented by external balancing mechanisms? This
research focuses on the role that fundamental rights play in defining copyright’s scope of
protection in the EU. Taking into consideration the factual context of the Swedish Iron
Pipes case, it will argue that internal balancing mechanisms are not always enough to
achieve a fair balance between copyright and other fundamental rights. In this light, it
will be concluded that an external, fundamental-rights based limitation can help create a
fair balance in cases where the aforementioned internal mechanisms are unable to
adequately protect fundamental rights other than copyright. In addition, it will be argued
that allowing such an exception would have the potential to somewhat mitigate the
rigidity of the system of exceptions and limitations laid down in the InfoSoc Directive.
Finally, it will strive to reconcile an external, fundamental rights-based limitation with
the CJEU’s judgements in Funke Medien and Spiegel Online. It will do so by contending
that allowing such a limitation will not lead to an increase in legal uncertainty in the
context of EU copyright law. Moreover, it will argue that the CJEU did not necessarily
rule out all forms of external, fundamental rights-based limitations. It will be proposed
that, in cases where fundamental rights are not sufficiently protected under national laws,
fundamental rights should be allowed to constitute external limitations to copyright
protection within the scope of the exceptions provided under EU law
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The protection of software between patent and copyright law: Comparing the US and EU regulatory approaches
Full text linkWe live in an era where technology necessity is predominant, there is none denying it. Whether large industries or individual creators, it is a fact that computer programs play a key role, not only in satisfying our everyday needs, but also in the way society functions as a whole.
Against this background, software and computer programs deserves close attention to ensure an effective level of legal protection. Intellectual Property laws provides such protection through two distinct systems: Patents and Copyright. The present study will have as its main focus precisely comparing such protection in two selected legal systems -– i.e., the United States (US) and the European Union (EU). It aims to clarify the scope of IP protection of both systems, as well as analyze their strengths and weaknesses vis-á-vis software and computer programs. The thesis concludes by explaining why patents seem to be the most complete means of protection, for a technology so pivotal to the current and future developments of our societies.
Keywords: Intellectual property law, patent law, copyright law, sui generis rights, computer programs, software
The CJEU’s take on unauthorized framing of online content: (only) if technologically precluded, then prohibited
No full textFollowing several decisions on the interpretation of the right of communication to the public in the digital environment, the CJEU clarified that embedding a protected work in a website constitutes a copyright violation if it circumvents effective technological protection measures. The systematic and practical significance of the judgement in Case C-392/19 VG Bild-Kunst promises to bring legal certainty into the realm of online uses of creative content and its constant and future evolution
From Patents to the Environment: The contribution of International IP Law to Cleantech advancements in a globalized world
No full textThis thesis examines the role of international intellectual property (IP) law in the development and dissemination of clean technologies (Cleantech), with a particular focus on its impact within a globalized world. As climate change and environmental degradation present urgent global challenges, the advancement and widespread adoption of Cleantech are essential for achieving sustainable development goals. However, the interplay between IP protection and access to these technologies is complex and multifaceted. Through an analysis of key international legal frameworks, including the TRIPS Agreement and the Patent Cooperation Treaty, this research explores how IP laws both incentivize innovation in Cleantech and potentially hinders its global accessibility, especially in developing countries. The thesis identifies the critical need for a balanced approach to IP law — one that protects the rights of inventors while ensuring that essential environmental technologies are accessible to all, particularly in regions that are most vulnerable to climate change and with lesser resources. The study analyses the problematic of T&K Transfer Agreements and Compulsory
Licensing and advocates for the implementation of flexible IP mechanisms such as patent pooling or country pooling to promote the global dissemination of Cleantech, while anaylising similar alternatives. It also calls for a reorientation of IP policies to align more closely with international environmental objectives, ensuring that legal protections contribute to, rather than detract from, the global public good. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the intersection of law, technology, and environmental sustainability, highlighting the pivotal role that legal frameworks must play in fostering innovation and ensuring equitable access to the benefits of Cleantech advancements. The findings underscore the importance of developing legal strategies that not only support technological progress but also advance social justice and sustainability in an interconnected world.Esta tese examina o papel do direito internacional da propriedade intelectual (PI) no desenvolvimento e disseminação das tecnologias limpas (Cleantech), com especial incidência no seu impacto num mundo globalizado. Dado que as alterações climáticas e a degradação ambiental representam desafios globais urgentes, o avanço e a adoção generalizada das tecnologias limpas são essenciais para alcançar os objectivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. A interação entre a proteção da PI e o acesso a estas tecnologias é complexa e multifacetada. Através de uma análise dos principais enquadramentos jurídicos internacionais, incluindo o Acordo TRIPS e o Tratado de Cooperação em matéria de Patentes, esta investigação explora a forma como as leis de PI incentivam a inovação nas tecnologias limpas e dificultam
potencialmente a sua acessibilidade global, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. A tese identifica a necessidade crítica de uma abordagem equilibrada à legislação sobre PI - uma abordagem que proteja os direitos dos inventores e que, ao mesmo tempo, garanta que as tecnologias ambientais essenciais sejam acessíveis a todos, particularmente nas regiões mais vulneráveis às alterações climáticas e com menos recursos. O estudo analisa a problemática dos Acordos de Transferência de T&K e do Licenciamento Compulsório e defende a implementação de mecanismos flexíveis de PI, como o agrupamento de patentes ou o agrupamento de países, para promover a disseminação global das tecnologias limpas, analisando simultaneamente alternativas semelhantes. Apela também a uma reorientação das políticas de PI para que se alinhem mais estreitamente com os objectivos ambientais internacionais, assegurando que as protecções legais contribuam para o bem público global, em vez de o prejudicarem. Esta investigação contribui para o discurso em curso sobre a intersecção do direito, da tecnologia e da sustentabilidade ambiental, salientando o papel fundamental que os quadros jurídicos devem desempenhar na promoção da inovação e na
garantia de um acesso equitativo aos benefícios dos avanços das tecnologias limpas. As conclusões sublinham a importância de desenvolver estratégias jurídicas que não só apoiem o progresso tecnológico, mas também promovam a justiça social e a sustentabilidade num mundo interligado
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